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Haar Algorithm for Face Detection
2023-07-06 11:46:53

Haar Algorithm for Face Detection

The Haar algorithm, also known as the Viola-Jones algorithm, is a popular method for face detection in digital images. It was developed by Paul Viola and Michael Jones in 2001 and has since been widely used in various applications, including facial recognition systems, image processing, and computer vision.

The Haar technique, at its heart, uses machine learning to find faces by training a classifier on a huge collection of both positive and negative picture samples. The method operates in several processes that include feature extraction from the images, classification, and picture preparation.

Here's a breakdown of the Haar algorithm's key steps:

Image Preprocessing:

  • The given picture is first converted to grayscale by the algorithm. The remaining processing processes become easier as a result.
  • To increase contrast and raise detection accuracy, picture normalization methods like histogram equalization are often used.

Haar-like Feature Extraction:

  • The system uses rectangular filters called Haar-like features to capture crucial face details including edges, corners, and texture changes.
  • The total of the pixel intensities inside a white rectangle is subtracted from the sum of the pixel intensities within a neighboring black rectangle to calculate the Haar features. This procedure is repeated for rectangular filters of different sizes and placements.
  • Integral pictures, which allow for quick computation of rectangle sums across the whole image, are an effective way to calculate Haar characteristics.

Adaboost Training:

  • To identifying faces, the Haar algorithm uses the Adaboost algorithm to choose a subset of the most relevant Haar characteristics.
  • Adaboost is a boosting technique that creates a powerful classifier by combining many weak classifiers (Haar features). To concentrate on the difficult areas, it gives samples that were incorrectly categorized as larger weights.
  • The method iteratively chooses the best Haar feature during training and modifies the weights of the training samples in accordance with its performance.

Cascade Classifier:

  • The Haar method effectively eliminates non-face areas and expedites the detection process by using a series of classifiers.
  • The cascade consists of many phases, each with a collection of mediocre classifiers. The phases are set up such that early non-face areas may be quickly rejected, which lightens the computational strain.
  • Each weak classifier subjects the chosen Haar feature to a straightforward threshold-based decision mechanism. The Adaboost training is when the decision rule is taught.

Face Detection:

  • The cascade classifier may be used to identify faces in fresh photos after being trained.
  • The technique moves the detection window over the input picture at different sizes while scanning it using a sliding window approach.
  • The cascade classifier determines whether the area includes a face at each window location and scale by computing the Haar features inside the window.
  • An area is regarded as a face and its location and size are recorded if it successfully navigates through every level of the cascade.

The efficiency and reliability of the Haar algorithm make it possible to recognize faces in real-time even on devices with minimal resources. It could be restricted in certain circumstances, however, due to changes in posture, poor illumination, and occlusions. Although face recognition algorithms have improved because of deep learning advancements, the Haar algorithm is still a key and popular tool in the area.

What is the Difference between Haar and CNN?

The main difference between Haar and CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) lies in their approach to feature extraction and learning.

Terms Haar CNN
Feature Extraction: To identify regional visual patterns, the Haar method employs Haar-like features, that are simple rectangular filters. Such characteristics are made by hand based on details in the picture, such as edges, corners, and texture variations. Convolutional Neural Networks automatically identify characteristics from data. CNNs use a sequence of convolutional layers to extract hierarchical and abstract characteristics from raw pixel data rather than manually created features like Haar. These adaptable learning features may identify intricate patterns in photos.
Learning Approach: The Haar algorithm chooses a subset of the most relevant Haar characteristics for face identification using a machine learning method called Adaboost. It develops a series of weak classifiers that process the chosen characteristics using simple threshold-based decision rules. End-to-end learning is the process through which Convolutional Neural Networks simultaneously learn the best features and classifiers. The parameters of the convolutional layers and the classifiers are repeatedly updated using backpropagation and gradient descent, and the network is trained using a large dataset. As a result, CNNs may learn complicated representations and develop over time.
Performance and Complexity: The real-time performance and computational efficiency of the Haar algorithm make it appropriate for devices with low resources. However, in certain difficult conditions, its accuracy could be noticeably worse. Convolutional neural networks have been shown to perform better than other methods for a variety of computer vision applications, including face identification. This is particularly true for deeper designs like VGG, ResNet, or EfficientNet. Although they are often slower than the Haar method and frequently need more processing resources, they provide greater accuracy and resilience.

Conclusion

CNNs automatically learn features from data using deep neural networks, while Haar depends on manually created features and a cascade of classifiers. In terms of accuracy, resilience, and handling of complicated variations, CNNs often beat Haar, albeit at the expense of higher processing demands.