Python Tutorial

Introduction Python Features Python Applications Python System requirements Python Installation Python Examples Python Basics Python Indentation Python Variables Python Data Types Python IDE Python Keywords Python Operators Python Comments Python Pass Statement

Python Conditional Statements

Python if Statement Python elif Statement Python If-else statement Python Switch Case

Python Loops

Python for loop Python while loop Python Break Statement Python Continue Statement Python Goto Statement

Python Arrays

Python Array Python Matrix

Python Strings

Python Strings Python Regex

Python Built-in Data Structure

Python Lists Python Tuples Python Lists vs Tuples Python Dictionary Python Sets

Python Functions

Python Function Python min() function Python max() function Python User-define Functions Python Built-in Functions Python Recursion Anonymous/Lambda Function in Python apply() function in python Python lambda() Function

Python File Handling

Python File Handling Python Read CSV Python Write CSV Python Read Excel Python Write Excel Python Read Text File Python Write Text File Read JSON File in Python

Python Exception Handling

Python Exception Handling Python Errors and exceptions Python Assert

Python OOPs Concept

OOPs Concepts in Python Classes & Objects in Python Inheritance in Python Polymorphism in Python Python Encapsulation Python Constructor Python Super function Python Static Method Static Variables in Python Abstraction in Python

Python Iterators

Iterators in Python Yield Statement In Python Python Yield vs Return

Python Generators

Python Generator

Python Decorators

Python Decorator

Python Functions and Methods

Python Built-in Functions Python String Methods Python List Methods Python Dictionary Methods Python Tuple Methods Python Set Methods

Python Modules

Python Modules Python Datetime Module Python Math Module Python Import Module Python Time ModulePython Random Module Python Calendar Module CSV Module in Python Python Subprocess Module

Python MySQL

Python MySQL Python MySQL Client Update Operation Delete Operation Database Connection Creating new Database using Python MySQL Creating Tables Performing Transactions

Python MongoDB

Python MongoDB

Python SQLite

Python SQLite

Python Data Structure Implementation

Python Stack Python Queue Python Linked List Python Hash Table Python Graph

Python Advance Topics

Speech Recognition in Python Face Recognition in Python Python Linear regression Python Rest API Python Command Line Arguments Python JSON Python Subprocess Python Virtual Environment Type Casting in Python Python Collections Python Attributes Python Commands Python Data Visualization Python Debugger Python DefaultDict Python Enumerate

Python 2

What is Python 2

Python 3

Anaconda in Python 3 Anaconda python 3 installation for windows 10 List Comprehension in Python3

How to

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Sorting

Python Sort List Sort Dictionary in Python Python sort() function Python Bubble Sort

Programs

Factorial Program in Python Prime Number Program in Python Fibonacci Series Program in Python Leap Year Program in Python Palindrome Program in Python Check Palindrome In Python Calculator Program in Python Armstrong Number Program in Python Python Program to add two numbers Anagram Program in Python Number Pattern Programs in Python Even Odd Program in Python GCD Program in Python Python Exit Program Python Program to check Leap Year Operator Overloading in Python Pointers in Python Python Not Equal Operator Raise Exception in Python Salary of Python Developers in India

Questions

What is a Script in Python What is the re.sub() function in Python After Python What Should I Learn What Does the Percent Sign (%) Mean in Python What is online python free IDE What is Python online compiler What are the Purposes of Python What is Python compiler GDB What is Ipython shell What does base case mean in recursion What does the if __name__ == "__main__" do in Python What is Sleeping Time in Python What is Collaborative Filtering in ML, Python What is the Python Global Interpreter Lock What is None Literal in Python What is the Output of the bool in Python Is Python Case-sensitive when Dealing with Identifiers Is Python Case Sensitive Is Python Object Oriented Programming language

Differences

Difference between Perl and Python Difference between python list and tuple Difference between Input() and raw_input() functions in Python Difference between Python 2 and Python 3 Difference Between Yield And Return In Python Important Difference between Python 2.x and Python 3.x with Example Difference between Package and Module in Python Difference between Expression and Statement in Python Difference between For Loop and While Loop in Python Difference between Module and Package in Python Difference between Sort and Sorted in Python Difference between Overloading and Overriding in Python Python vs HTML Python vs R Python vs Java Python vs PHP While vs For Loop in Python Python Iterator vs Iterable Set Vs List Python

Python Kivy

Kivy Architecture Kivy Buttons Kivy Layouts Kivy Widgets What is Kivy in Python

Python Tkinter

Application to get live USD/INR rate Using Tkinter in Python Application to Search Installed Application using Tkinter in Python Compound Interest GUI Calculator using Tkinter in Python Create a Table Using Tkinter in Python Create First GUI Application using Tkinter in Python File Explorer using Tkinter in Python GUI Calendar using Tkinter in Python GUI to extract lyrics from a song Using Tkinter in Python GUI to Shut down, Restart and Logout from the PC using Tkinter in Python Loan calculator using Tkinter in Python Make Notepad using Tkinter in Python Rank Based Percentile GUI Calculator using Tkinter in Python Screen Rotation app Using Tkinter in Python Spell Corrector GUI using Tkinter in Python Standard GUI Unit Converter using Tkinter in Python Text detection using Tkinter in Python To Do GUI Application using Tkinter in Python Weight Conversion GUI using Tkinter in Python Age calculator using Tkinter Create a Digital Clock Using Tkinter Create a GUI Marksheet using Tkinter Simple GUI Calculator Using Tkinter Simple Registration form using Tkinter Weight Conversion GUI Using Tkinter Color Game Using Tkinter in Python File Explorer in Python using Tkinter Making of Notepad Using Tkinter Python Simple FLAMES Game Using Tkinter Python ToDo GUI Application Using Tkinter Python

Python PyQt5

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Misc

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Inheritance in Python

Inheritance in Python

Object-Oriented Programming provides reusable patterns to the code for restricting the redundancy in development projects. One of the basic principles of Object-Oriented Programming that helps achieve recyclable code is Inheritance, where one subclass can leverage the code from another base class.

When one Class utilizes the code constructed with another class is known as Inheritance. We can understand Inheritance by taking a reference from biology; we can take an example as certain traits are inheriting to a child from their parent. These inherited traits can be the eye color or height and even the last name children shared with their parents.

Based on classes' properties, they are classified into two categories: Parent Class (also known as Super Class or Base Class) and Child Class (also known as Sub Class or Derived Class), respectively.

The Child classes inherit the variables and methods from the Parent Classes. From the above example, we can think of a base class as Parent that has class variables for last_name, eye_color, and height that the derived class Child will inherit from the Parent Class.

Since the subclass Child is inherited from the base class Parent, we can reuse the code of Parent Class in the Child Class. Thus, this principle helps the programmer in reducing the lines of code and decreases redundancy.

  • Parent Class: Parent Class is the same as a normal class. It consists of the variables and methods that are mutual and can be reused multiple times. For example, in a college, the student details such as name, date of birth, gender, roll number, course name, admission date are the same in every instance. So, these attributes can be declared in the parent class and used in child classes. Moreover, we can define several functions in the parent, and these functions can be called from multiple child classes.
  • Child Class: Child Class looks pretty similar to a normal class. This class inherits all the variables and methods available in its Parent Class. Apart from that, new methods can be created for the child class performing the required calculations. The child class can be constructed in Python by sending the Parent class as an object while constructing a class. This statement implies that a Child class can be created along with parentheses.

A child class can inherit the parent class by mentioning the bracket base after the child class name. Let us consider the following syntax:

Syntax:

class child_class(parent_class):  
    <class_suite>

Moreover, a Child class can inherit multiple classes by mentioning all the classes inside the bracket. Let us take the following syntax into consideration:

Syntax:

class child_class(<parent_class_1>, <parent_class_2>, ... <parent_class_n>):  
    <class_suite>

Types of Inheritance in Python

Inheritance is classified into four types depending on the number of parent and child classes involved.:

  • Single Inheritance: Inheritance that enables a child class to inherit the attributes and methods from a single parent class is known as Single Inheritance. It enables the reusability of code and add new features to the existing code.
Python Single Inheritance
  • Multiple Inheritance: Inheritance where a class is derived from more than one parent class is known as Multiple Inheritance. It inherits all the features of the parent classes into the child class.
Python Multiple Inheritance
  • Multilevel Inheritance: Inheritance where the features of the parent class and the child class are further inherited into the new child class is known as Multilevel Inheritance. Multilevel Inheritance is similar to a relationship that represents a child and grandfather.
Multilevel Inheritance
  • Hierarchical Inheritance: Inheritance where multiple child classes are derived from a single parent class is known as Hierarchical Inheritance.
Python Hierarchical Inheritance

Creating a Parent Class

As we discussed earlier, a Parent Class can be any class. So, the syntax for the Parent Class will remain the same as defining any other class. Let’s consider the following example:

Example:

class Person:
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender):
     self.first_name = f_name
     self.last_name = l_name
     self.age = age
     self.gender = gender
   def print_details(self):
     print('Name:', self.first_name, self.last_name)
     print('Age:', self.age)
     print('Gender:', self.gender)
 info = Person("Tom", "Holland", 15, "Male")
 info.print_details() 

Output:

Name: Tom Holland
 Age: 15
 Gender: Male 

Explanation:

In the above snippet of code, we have created a Person class with some attributes such as f_name, l_name, age, and gender. Then, we have created a print_details() method to print all the details for the attributes provided earlier. We have then added an object info to the Person class.

Creating a Child Class

We can create a child class by passing the parent class as the parameter while creating the class. Consider the following example to understand:

Example:

class Person:
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender):
     self.first_name = f_name
     self.last_name = l_name
     self.age = age
     self.gender = gender
   def print_details(self):
     print('\nName:', self.first_name, self.last_name)
     print('Age:', self.age)
     print('Gender:', self.gender)
 info = Person("Tom", "Holland", 15, "Male")
 info.print_details()
 class Employee(Person):
     pass
 info = Employee("Stacey", "Cloud", 23, "Female")
 info.print_details() 

Output:

Name: Tom Holland
 Age: 15
 Gender: Male
 Name: Stacey Cloud
 Age: 23
 Gender: Female 

Explanation –

We have created a Child class Employee under the Parent Class Person and used the pass keyword as we do not want to insert any other attributes or functions to the class.

The __init__() function

Since we have already created a child class that inherits the attributes and properties from its parent class, now, let’s try adding the __init__() function to the child class instead of inserting the pass keyword. It is also known as the constructor.

Note: The __init__() function is automatically called whenever the class is used to create a new object.

Consider the following example demonstrating the insertion of the __init__() function to the Employee class:

Example:

class Employee(Person):
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender):
       # add some properties etc. 

Once we insert the __init__() function into the Child class, the parent class's __init__() function will no longer be inherited by the child class.

Note: The __init__() function of child class overrides the __init__() function’s inheritance of Parent Class.

We can also insert a call to the __init__() function of parent class for keeping the inheritance of the __init__() function of parent class in the child class.

Consider the following example to understand the above statement:

Example:

class Person:
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender):
     self.first_name = f_name
     self.last_name = l_name
     self.age = age
     self.gender = gender
   def print_details(self):
     print('\nName:', self.first_name, self.last_name)
     print('Age:', self.age)
     print('Gender:', self.gender)
 info = Person("Tom", "Holland", 15, "Male")
 info.print_details()
 class Employee(Person):
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender):
     Person.__init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender)
 info = Employee("Ted", "Mosby", 33, "Male")
 info.print_details() 

Output:

Name: Tom Holland
 Age: 15
 Gender: Male
 Name: Ted Mosby
 Age: 33
 Gender: Male 

Explanation -

We have created a Child class Employee under the Parent class Person and define the __init__() function. Then, we have added a class to the __init__() function of the Person class to keep the inheritance of it in the Employee class.

Using the super() function

Python provides a super() function that helps the child class inherit all the attributes and methods from its parent class. We do not have to specify the name of the parent Class while using the super() function as it will inherit the attributes and methods from the parent class automatically. Consider the following example to understand the working of the super() function properly.

Example:

class Person:
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender):
     self.first_name = f_name
     self.last_name = l_name
     self.age = age
     self.gender = gender
   def print_details(self):
     print('\nName:', self.first_name, self.last_name)
     print('Age:', self.age)
     print('Gender:', self.gender)
 class Employee(Person):
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender):
     super().__init__(f_name, l_name, age, gender)
 info = Person("Tom", "Holland", 15, "Male")
 info.print_details()
 info = Employee("Daisy", "Erikson", 24, "Female")
 info.print_details() 

Output:

Name: Tom Holland
 Age: 15
 Gender: Male
 Name: Daisy Erikson
 Age: 24
 Gender: Female 

Explanation:

In the above snippet of code, we have defined a Parent Class called Person and initialized some attributes in it. We have then created the print_details() method to print all the details provided to it. Later, we have defined a Child Class called Employee and used the super() function to inherit the attributes and methods from the parent class. At last, we have added an object info to the Person Class and the Employee Class, respectively.

Adding Attributes and Methods to the Child Class

The attributes can be added to the Child Class by defining them in the __init__() function of the child class. Similarly, we can add methods to the child class by defining them separately. However, if the method has the same name as the parent class method, the inheritance of the parent’s method will be overridden.

Let’s understand at the following example illustrating the same:

Example:

class Person:
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender):
     self.first_name = f_name
     self.last_name = l_name
     self.age = age
     self.gender = gender
   def print_details(self):
     print('\nName:', self.first_name, self.last_name)
     print('Age:', self.age)
     print('Gender:', self.gender)
 info = Person("Tom", "Holland", 15, "Male")
 info.print_details()
 class Employee(Person):
   def __init__(self, f_name, l_name, age, gender, profession):
     super().__init__(f_name, l_name, age, gender)
     self.profession = profession
   def biodata(self):
     print('\nFull name: ', self.first_name, self.last_name)
     print('Age: ', self.age)
     print('Gender: ', self.gender)
     print('Profession: ', self.profession)
 info = Employee("Mike", "Tyson", 43, "Male", "Wrestler")
 info.biodata() 

Output:

Name: Tom Holland
 Age: 15
 Gender: Male
 Full name:  Mike Tyson
 Age:  43
 Gender:  Male
 Profession:  Wrestler 

Explanation:

In the above snippet of code, we have created a Parent Class and Child Class as previous one, but added another attribute called profession in the __init__() function of the child Class . We have then created a method inside the Child class to print all the values.

Understanding Multiple Inheritance

The Inheritance in which a Class inherits the properties and methods from more than one base class is known as Multiple Inheritance. This type of Inheritance helps to reduce the redundancy of the Program. However, a certain level of complexity and ambiguity can also be introduced in the Program. Thus, it should be done keeping the overall program design in mind.

The following example illustrates the functioning of Multiple Inheritance:

Example:

class Fruits:
     def f_intro(self):
         print('Tomato is a Fruit.')
 class Vegetables:
     def v_intro(self):
         print('Tomato is also a Vegetable.')
 class Tomato(Fruits, Vegetables):
     pass
 name = Tomato()
 name.f_intro()
 name.v_intro() 

Output:

Tomato is a Fruit.
Tomato is also a Vegetable.

As we can observe, the child class effectively used methods from both the parent classes.

Multiple Inheritance allows users to utilize the code from multiple parent classes in a child class. If we define the same method in multiple parent methods, the child class will utilize the first parent’s method declared in its tuple list.

Even though Multiple Inheritance can be used effectively, it should be done carefully so that the program does not become ambiguous and complex for other programmers to comprehend.