C++ Tutorial Index

C++ Tutorial C++ History C++ Installation C++ First Program C++ cin and cout C++ Data type C++ Variable C++ operator C++ Keywords

C++ Control Statements

C++ If C++ Nested if C++ If-else C++ If-else-if C++ Switch C++ Break C++ Continue C++ Goto C++ For loop C++ While loop C++ Do while loop

C++ Functions

C++ Call by Value C++ Call by Reference C++ Recursion Function C++ Inline function C++ Friend function

C++ Arrays

Single dimension array Two dimension array

C++ Strings

C++ Strings

C++ Inheritance

C++ Inheritance Single level Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance Multiple Inheritance Hierarchical Inheritance Hybrid Inheritance

C++ Polymorphism

C++ Polymorphism C++ Overloading C++ Overriding C++ Virtual Function

C++ Pointers

C++ Pointers C++ this pointer

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Constructors

C++ Constructors Default Constructor Parameterize Constructor Copy constructor Constructor Overloading Destructor

C++ File Handling

C++ File Handling C++ Writing to file C++ Reading file C++ Close file

Miscellaneous

C Vs C++ C++ Comments C++ Data Abstraction C++ Identifier C++ Memory Management C++ Storage Classes C++ Void Pointer C++ Array To Function C++ Expressions C++ Features C++ Interfaces C++ Encapsulation std::min in C++ External merge sort in C++ Remove duplicates from sorted array in C++ Precision of floating point numbers Using these functions floor(), ceil(), trunc(), round() and setprecision() in C++ C++ References C++ Friend Functions C++ Mutable keyword Unary Operators in C++ Initialize Array of objects with parameterized constructors in C++ Differences between #define & const in C/C++ C++ Program to Implement Shell Sort C++ Program to Implement Merge Sort Storage Classes in C Vector resize() in C++ Passing by Reference Vs. Passing by the pointer in C++ Free vs delete() in C++ goto statement in C and C++ C++ program to read string using cin.getline() C++ String Concatenation Heap Sort in C++ Swap numbers in C++ Input Iterators in C++ Fibonacci Series in C++ C ++ Program: Alphabet Triangle and Number Triangle C++ Program: Matrix Multiplication C++ Program to Print Fibonacci Triangle Stack in C++ Maps in C++ Queue in C++ C++ Bitset C++ Algorithms Priority Queue in C++ C++ Multimap C++ Deque Function Pointer in C++ Sizeof() Operators in C++ C++ array of Pointers free() Vs delete in C Timsort Implementation Using C++ CPP Templates C++ Aggregation C++ Enumeration C++ Math Functions C++ Object Class C++ Queue Initialize Vector in C++ Vector in C++ C++ STL Components Function overloading in C++ C++ Maximum Index Problem C++ find missing in the second array C++ Program to find the product array puzzle C++ Program To Find Largest Subarray With 0 Sum C++ Program To Move All Zeros To The End Of The Array C++ Program to find the element that occurs once C++ Program to find the largest number formed from an array Constructor Vs Destructor C++ Namespaces C++ OOPs Concept C++ Static C++ Structs C++ Try-Catch C++ User Defined Exceptions C++ Virtual Destructor C++ vs C# Malloc() and new in C++ Palindrome Number Program in C++ Snake Code in C++ Splitting a string in C++ Structure Vs Class in C++ Virtual Function Vs Pure Virtual Function C++ Bidirectional Iterators C++ Forward Iterators C++ Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Range-based For Loop Converting string into integer in C++ LCM Program in C++ Type conversion in C++ Add two numbers using the function in C++ Advantage and disadvantage friend function C++ Armstrong Number Program in C++ ATM machine program in C++ using functions Binary to Decimal in C++ Bit Manipulation in C++ C++ Constructor C++ Dijkstra Algorithm Using the Priority Queue C++ int into String C++ Signal Handling Decimal to Binary in C++ Decimal to Hexadecimal in C++ Decimal to Octal in C++ Factorial Program in C++ Function in C++ Hexadecimal to Decimal in C++ Octal to Decimal in C++ Reverse a Number in C++ Structure Vs Class in C++ C++ Forward Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Prime number program Char Array to String in C++ Constructor Overloading in C++ Default arguments in C++ Different Ways to Compare Strings in C++ Dynamic Binding in C++ Program to convert infix to postfix expression in C++ SET Data Structure in C++ Upcasting and Downcasting in C++ Reverse an Array in C++ Fast Input and Output in C++ Delete Operator in C++ Copy elision in C++ C++ Date and Time C++ Bitwise XOR Operator Array of sets in C++ Binary Operator Overloading in C++ Binary Search in C++ Implementing the sets without C++ STL containers Scope Resolution Operator in C++ Smart pointers in C++ Types of polymorphism in C++ Exception Handling in C++ vs Java Const Keyword in C++ Type Casting in C++ Static keyword in C++ vs Java Inheritance in C++ vs Java How to concatenate two strings in C++ Programs to Print Pyramid Patterns in C++ swap() function in C++ Structure of C++ Program Stringstream in C++ and its applications rand() and srand() in C / C++ C++ Ternary Operator C++ Scope of Variables While Loop Examples in C++ Star pattern in C++ using For Loops For Loop Examples in C++ Do-While Loop Examples in C++ Top 5 IDEs for C++ That You Should Try Once Assertions in C/C++ C++ Convert Int to String Continue in C++ While loop Diamond Pattern in C++ using For Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using Do-While Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using For Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using While Loop Infinite loop in C++ Loops in C++ Returning Multiple Values from a Function using Tuple and Pair in C++ wcscpy(), wcslen(), wcscmp() Functions in C++ Auto keyword in C++ C++ 11 vs C++ 14 vs C++ 17 C++ STL (Standard Template Library) Differences Between C Structures and C++ Structures Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Dynamic Constructor in C++ Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ Find the Size of Array in C/C++ without using sizeof() function Floating Point Operations and Associativity in C, C++ and Java Hello World Program in C++ How to create a table in C++ How to Setup Environment for C++ Programming on Mac Implementation of a Falling Matrix in C++ Message Passing in C++ Pointer to Object in C++ Templates in C++ vs Generics in Java Ways to Copy a Vector in C++ What does Buffer Flush mean in C++ sort() function in C++ Structure Sorting (By Multiple Rules) in C++ Similarities between C++ and Java std::distance in C++ Array program in C++ C++ Tricks for Competitive Programming Desired Capabilities in Selenium Web Driver in C++ Socket Programming in C++ Template Specialization in C++ Classes and Objects in C++ Convex hull Algorithm in C++ DES in C++ C++ vardiac() function Difference between Two Sets in C++ Difference between Exit and Return Structured Binding in C++ Differences between Local and Global Variable Bitwise Operator vs Logical Operator Difference between OOP and POP in C++ Fork in C++ Functors in C++ How to call a void function in C++ How to create a directory or folder in C/C++ How to create a library in C++ How to create a stack in C++ How to create the Processes with Fork in C++ How to Handle Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Lambda Expression in C++ Pattern programs in C++ Roadmap to C++ Programming Substring in C++ Virtual base class in C++ Bits stdc++.h in C++ Top 14 Best Free C++ IDE (Editor & Compiler) for Windows in 2022 Bitmasking in C++ Auto Keyword in C++ Features of OOPS in C++ Hospital Management Project in C++ How to Declare Unordered Sets in C++ How to Sort an Array in C++ Include Guards in C++ Iostream in C++ Method overriding in C++ How to run program in turbo c++ How to Use Getline in C++ Leap Year Program in C++ Naming Convention in C++ New Operator in C++ Nullptr in C++ Object Slicing in C++ Principles of Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Processing strings using std string stream in C++ Pure Virtual Function in C++ With Example Program Random Number Generator in C++ Singleton Design Pattern in C++ Size_t Data Type in C++ Skyline Problem in C++ System() function in C++ Web Development in C++ Data Hiding in C++ Difference between exit() and _Exit() in C++ Hashing in C++ Object in C++ Sum of all Elements between k1’th and k2’th Smallest Elements Virtual class in C++ Vector Size in C++ Top best IDEs for C/C++ Developers in 2022 Tensorflow in C++ Sliding Window Technique in C++ Reverse String Word-Wise in C++ Returning a Function Pointer from a Function in C/C++ RTTI in C++ Pthreads or POSIX Threads in C++ Reserved Keywords in C++ Passing a Vector to a function in C++ 10 Best C and C++ Books for Beginners & Advanced Programmers Add two numbers represented by two arrays in C++ Array of Object in C++ C++ Program For FCFS Containership in C++ Counting Frequencies of Array Elements in C++ Decltype type Specifier in C++ Dynamic _Cast in C++ Difference between int main() and int main(void) in C/C++ Depth First Search Program to Traverse a Graph in C++ Features and Use Of Pointers in C/C++ Fread Function in C++ Programming Fscanf Function in The C++ Functions in C++ With Types and Examples Gmtime Function in C/C++ How is Multiset Implemented in C++ How to Build a Program in C++ How to Declare a 2d Array Dynamically in C++ inheritance Program in C++ int Max and int Min in C/C++ is It Fine to Write Void Main Or Main in C/C++ How to create a button in C++ abs() function in C++ Compile Time Polymorphism in C++ Division in C++ Factorial of a Number in C++ using while Loop Multiset in C++ 4 Pillars of OOPs Approach in C++ Backtracking Time Complexity in C++ C++ Global Variable C++ Pipe Tutorial Observer Design Pattern in C++ Private Inheritance in C++ Pthread in C++ Parameters SDL library in C++ with Examples Pointers in C++ Ascending order in C++ How the value is passed in C++ Call by Pointer in C++ Constexpr in C++ Deadlock in C++ Design Patterns in C++ Factory Method for Designing Pattern in C++ How to calculate size of string in C++ Name Mangling and extern in C++ Preventing Object Copy in C++ Program that produces different results in C and C++ Quick Sort in C++ Single Handling in C++ Type difference of Character literals in C VS C++ Use of Inheritance in C++ User-defined literals in C++ Vector methods in C++ Void * in C and C++ Zombie and Orphan Process in C++ Isprint() in C++ List and Vector in C++ List iterators in C++ Merging Two Vectors in C++ Sleep function in C++ Stoi function in C++ String erase() in C++ String Trim in C++ When should we write own Assignment operator in C++ C++ tcp client server example C++ tcp server example Early Binding and Late Binding in C++ Factory Design Pattern in C++ Fisher-Yates shuffle algorithm in C++ For Auto in C++ Group anagrams in C++ How to convert binary string to int in C++ How to convert string to float in C++ How to remove space from string in C++ How to use pair in C++ How to use the string find() in C++ Dynamic Casting in C++ 2D Vector Initialization in C++ C++ GUI Visual Studio C++ IPC C++ Macro Function Example C++ Permutation Overloading Stream Insertion in C++ Overloading array Index operator in C++ Operators that cannot be overloaded in C++ Operator overloading in C++ isprint() function in c++ Is_trivial function in C++ Is assignment operator Inherited in C++ div() function in C++ Default Assignment Operator and References in C++ Copy Constructor vs Assignment Operator in C++ Conversion Operator in C++ Array sum in C++ STL C++ Define Macro C++ Design C++ Factory Pattern TCP Client Server Example in C++ Convert String to Uppercase in C++ exit() and _Exit() in C and C++ Initializer list in C++ Iterator invalidation in C++ Lower bound in C++ Modulus of Two float numbers or double number Pass by value in C++ Set insert function in C++ Std partition_point in C++ Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Using Default Arguments with Virtual Functions Virtual Functions and Runtime Polymorphism What is endl in C++ What is Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Which operators cannot be overloaded in C++? rint(), rintf(), rintl() in C++ Stack size in C++ String append() function in C++ String push_back() in C++ String replace() in C++ Transform function in C++ Unique in C++ Unordered_map in C++ Binary String to Int C++ Boost C++ ctime() function in C++ Difference Between Overloading and Overriding in C++ Exception handling in constructor and destructor in C++ Explain class template in C++ Fesetround() and Fegetround() in C++ and their application Gets() and Puts() in C++ Hypot(), hypotf() and hypotl() in C++ Kadane Algorithm in C++ Log function in C++ Map of Pairs in STL Map vs unordered_map in C++ Nearbyint() Function in C++ Pair in C++ Access Specifiers in C++ Add Two Numbers in C++ Using Class Benefits of Operator Overloading in C++ C++ Socket Programming Windows C++ Program for Addition of Two Numbers Using Functions C++ Programming Examples C++ Protected Inheritance C++ Return Object Static Data Members in C++ Program for COPY Constructor in C++ Association in C++ C_str in C++ Boost libraries in C++ C++ macro function Assignment Operator Overloading in C++ Automatic Storage Class in C++ Function Object in C++ C++ Move Constructor Cast in C++ C++ 11 Lambda C++ Multithreading Bottom-up Approach in C++ C++ Program to Divide the String Into N equal Parts Gray Code to Binary Code in C++ How to get the value of pi in C++ Multimap value_comp() function in C++ Vector of Vectors in C++ Naïve Bayes Algorithm in C++ f 10 C++ Programming Tricks You Should Know btowc() function in C++ forward_list::cend() in C++ Unordered_multimap max_load_factor() function in C++ Cpp_int in c++ Dynamic Objects in C++ FLOCK() FUNCTION IN C++ Generate Random Double Numbers in C++ How to Assign Infinity to a Number in C++ Jump statements in C++ Multipath inheritance in C++ Out of Range Exception in C++ Size of Class in C++ Size of string in C++ std::binary_negate in c++ Thread_local in C++ Tokenizing a String in C++ Ancestors of a Node in Binary Search Tree C++ program for Double to String Conversion C++ Program to Demonstrate Use of Formatting Flags on Float Output Clamp in C++ K-Dimensional Tree in C++ Mutable Lambda in C++ Power Set in C++ Program to Find Sum of Geometric Progression Std::Back_inserter in C++ Strpbrk() function in C++ Size of int in C++ TYPES OF MANIPULATORS IN C++ Double colon in C++ How to sort vector in C++ How to use Setprecision in C++ How to write a Vector in C++ Insertion in Splay Tree in C++ Merge Sort Algorithm in C++ Printing a Character using ASCII value in C++ Regex in C++ Size of Data Types in C++ Abstract Factory Design Pattern in C++ Sqrtf() function in C++ Static Casting in C++ Using Range in Switch Case in C++ wcstoimax() and wcstoumax() function in C++ What is float in C++ What is the Diamond Problem in C++ Best way to learn C++ ios setstate() function in C++ Nested Namespace in C++ Single Inheritance in C++ std::fixed, std::scientific, std::hexfloat, std::defaultfloat in C++ StringStream in C++ for Decimal to Hexadecimal and back The OFFSETOF() macro in C++ Semaphores in C++ Seekg in C++ stacktrace Header file in C++ 23 std::future in C++ std::unary_negate() in C++ Difference between std::endl and \n in C++ Iswspace Function in C++ Difference between std-next and std::advance in C++ Hiding of all overloaded methods with same name in base class in C++ C++ program to concatenate two strings using operator overloading Difference between array::fill() and array::swap() in C++ Difference between Friend Function and Virtual Function in C++ Semaphores in C++ UDP server- client implementattion in C++ What is long long in C++ CSV file management using C++ fma() function in C++ Toggle bits of a number except first and last bits in C++ Trailing Return Type C++ 11 Binary search implementation in C++ Different Versions of C++ What is Cascading in C++ Background Colour in C++ BOOL DATATYPE IN C++ BIT VECTORS IN C++ Literals in C++ Application of pointer in C++ Index with minimum sum of prefix and suffix sums in an array in C++ Maximum sum Bi-tonic sub-sequence in C++ std::optional in C++ C/C++ program for triangular matchstick number COUT COMMAND IN C++ LANGUAGE Adjacency matrix program in C++ language Exception Objects in C++ Difference between Null String and Empty String in C++ Character data type in c++ Constructors in Inheritance C++ Comma Operator Overloading in C++ Typename in C++ C++ Friend Class C++ Exceptions Difference Between C and C++ Double-linked list program in C++ Color Code in C++ CRC Program in C++ Anti-Clockwise spiral traversal of a binary tree in C++ Advantages of OOP in C++ Cryptarithmetic Puzzle in C++ Angular sweep algorithm in C++ Factorial of Large Numbers in C++ endl Function in C++ vfprintf() method in C++ Check if a given number is Pronic in C++ Difference between Fundamental Data Type and Derived Data Types in C++ Different Ways to initialize an unordered_set in C++ Dinic’s Algorithm in C++ How to read whole ASCII File into C++ using std::string? std::unary_negate() in C++ String::npos function in C++ type_traits::is_null_pointer in C++ C++ code to count the local extrema of given array Demlo number (square of 11....1) in C++ Function Template and Class Template in C++ Getline in C++ GUI Design in C++ Hashing Implementation in C++ HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE IN C++ Hospital Management System in C++ How to Add Header Files in Dev C++? How to cin string in C++ How to compile a C++ program in Visual Studio code Iscntrl in C++ Memento Pattern in C++ Smarandache-Wellin Sequence in C++ The feclearexcept in C++ HashMap in C++ Alexander Bogomolny's UnOrdered Permutation Algorithm in C++ Convex Polygon in C++ Count Univalue Subtrees in C++ Entringer Number in C++ Friends pairing Problem in C++ Klee's Algorithm (Length of the union of segments of a line) in C++ Spaceship Operator(&|t;==>) in C++ Uniform Initialization in C++ Woodall Number in C++ C++ Program to Solve Knapsack Problem Using Dynamic Programming How do you exit from the infinite loop in Turbo C++? How to create a game using C++ language How to do XOR in C++? How to Find Max Value in Array C++ How to get date in C++ Pointer to a Derived Class in C++ C++ program to show runtime exceptions Convert a Singly LinkedList to XOR LinkedList in C++ Creation of Variable in C++ CRTP (curiously recurring template pattern) in C++ Euler Circuits in Directed Graphs Using C++ Final NBA Match pairing in C++ Find pivot in rotated sorted array in C++ How to make a square in C++ How to reduce fractions in C++ std::lerp in C++ Stella Octangula Numbers in C++ Return Statement in C++ Finding the n-th Fortune Number in C++ How to use StringStream in C++ Minimize Count of Unequal Elements at corresponding Indices between give n arrays in C++ std::midpoint in C++ std::transform inclusive scan in C++ std::span in C++ Types of Errors in C++ C++ program to implement the bin packing algorithm Dereference Operator in C++ How to merge multiple std::sets into a single std::set in C++? Stack Clear C++ Structure and Class in C++ Template Definition in C++ Tree Data Structure in C++ Typename in C++ Program in C++ for Beginners Restoring a Shuffled Queue in C++ Print patterns in C++ Hybrid Inheritance in C++ How to use OpenGL in C++? How to Separate a String in C++ Havel-Hakimi algorithm in C++ Find the size of all connected Non-Empty Cells of a Matrix in C++ Burst Sort Algorithm in C++ Basic istream peak() method in C++ Addition of two matrices in C++ What is std reference wrapper in C++? What is std mbrtoc 32 in C++? What is std istreambuf iterator in C++? What is std declval in C++? std rethrow if nested in C++ std regex search in C++ std ctype byname in C++ std call once in C++ std basic ios copyfmt in C++ std atomic ref in C++ Properties of Friend Function in C++ Sophie Germain Prime number in C++ Centroid Decomposition in C++ How to Get the List of All Running Tasks in C++ Programming Questions on Function Overloading in C++ std codecvt in and std codecvt do in in C++ std is constant evaluated in C++ Std put money in C++ Number of ordered pairs such that Ai Aj = 0 in C++ dlsym() function in C++ Isxdigit() function in C++ Difference between Objective C and C++ Menu Driven Program in C++ Undulating Numbers in C++ How to Access Private Variables in C++? Particle Swarm Optimization in C++ Understanding std::ios_base::iword in C++ std::piecewise_construct _t in C++ Toeplitz Matrix in C++ Two-Way Linear Search Algorithm in C++ C++ Concurrency in action C++ integer size C++ Enum class Compare two lists in C++ Command to run C++ Program in terminal Cascading In C++ Static Member Function in C++ with Example C++ Multiple, Multilevel and Hierarchical inheritance Painting Fence Algorithm in C++ Rearrange Distant Barcodes in C++ What are the rules for using an Underscore in a C++ dentifier? std::quoted in C++ Std::memory_order in C++ Std::fisher_f_distribution in C++ Advantages Oops in C++ floor() and ceil() function in C++ Topological Sort in C++ How to get file size in C++ Class Meaning in C++ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEW AND DELETE OPERATOR IN C++ New and Delete In C++ Operators in C++ String data types in C++ begin() in C++ Static Library Linking in C++ Stack Unwinding in C++ Singleton Pattern in C++ Shared_ptr in C++ Random Number between 1 and 10 in C++ Initializer in C++ Error Handling in C++ Define Reference in C++ Create a Class in C++ C++ Move Semantics What is Thread Id to Int in C++? 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Using Keyword in C++ C++ IDE Linux C++ Mini Project With Source Code and Output All swing components C++ Syntax Link Call By Value And Call By Reference In C++ Const ptr c++ Const_cast C++ Constant Arguments in C++ Example of parameterized constructor in C++ example of user-defined data type Anonymous object in C++ Bank program in C++ Base class and Derived class in C++ Cerr in C++ Cin string in C++ cin.get() in C++ Containers in C++ Control flow statement in C++ coroutine in C++ cstdlib in C++ Difference between encapsulation and Abstraction Difference between template and macro in C++ Emplace_back in C++ Cstdio in C++ Exception specification in C++ Files and streams in C++ Hamming code implementation in C++ Map cbegin() and cend() function in C++ STL Map Emplace_hint() function in C++ STL Naked function calls in C++ Private destructor in C++ Static object in C++ unordered_set in C++ Uses of namespace std in C++ Virtual function and virtual base class in C++ VS Code Setup for C++ Vtable and vptr in C++ fixed() function in C++ How to remove an element from an array in C++ How to take space-separated input in C++ iomanip in C++ Isdigit() function in C++ noexcept in C++ rdbuf() in c++ seekg() function in C++ Seekp() function in C++ Setw() in C++ The diamond pattern in C++ Advantages and Disadvantages of Inheritance in C++ C++ Variables Types Explain Access Specifiers in C++ Anagram Program in C++ AREA OF TRIANGLE IN C++ ARRAY INPUT IN C++ Big Integers in C++ Bitwise Operator in C++ Data Structures Algorithms and Application in C++ EOF Function in C++ Explicit in C++ File Opening Mode in C++ Friend Function in C++ Function Overriding in C++ How to Copy in Turbo C++? How To Use POW in C++ Increment Operator in C++ Inline Functions in C++ Int range in C++ Integer in C++ Linked List in C++ malloc() and calloc() in C++ Maximum Value in Vector in C++ NPTEL Programming in C++ Assignment Solutions SHARED POINTER IN C++ Vector in C++ Stl What is an Object in C++ What is Copy Constructor in C++ Dereferencing a Pointer in C++ fill() Function in C++ map find() function in C++ Associative Containers In C++ C++ generic programming introduction Character Set in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Decltype in c++ Difference Between Abstraction and Interface in C++ File Stream in C++ Final in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Find substring in C++ Flush in C++ Has-A Relationship in C++ How to allocate memory dynamically in C++ How to close turbo C++ in windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++ How to use Set in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Insert Function in C++ MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM IN C++ MOVE SEMANTICS IN C++ OOPs Interview Questions in C++ PARAMETER PASSING IN C++ PUNCTUATORS IN C++ SPLIT FUNCTION IN C++ Stream Classes in C++ Vector declaration in c++ Vector in C++ Virtual Function in C++ Binary Search Tree Program in C++ Built-in Types in C++ API in C++ Returning Object from a Function in C++ C++ Singleton C++ Template Class Declaration and Definition Tree in C++ C++ Type Traits Catch All Exceptions in C++ Lvalue and Rvalue in C++ Move Constructor in C++ Move Semantics in C++ Mutex Lock in C++ Qt in C++ Tutorial STL Algorithms in C++ Access Class members in C++ Designated initializers in C++ Dynamic Initialization of Objects in C++ Inbuilt Functions in C++ Metaclass in C++ Nesting of a member function in C++ Unique_ptr() in C++ Vector erase() function in C++ Vector insert() Function in C++ 10 important concepts of Oops in C++ At in C++ Difference Between Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++ Difference between Function Overloading and Operator Overloading in C++ Exception Specifications in C++ Examples of Destructor in C++ Examples of Hybrid 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Vector in C++ Virtual Function in C++ Associative Containers In C++ C++ generic programming introduction Character Set in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Decltype in c++ Difference Between Abstraction and Interface in C++ File Stream in C++ Final in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Find substring in C++ Flush in C++ Has-A Relationship in C++ How to allocate memory dynamically in C++ How to close turbo C++ in windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++ How to use Set in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Insert Function in C++ MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM IN C++ MOVE SEMANTICS IN C++ OOPs Interview Questions in C++ PARAMETER PASSING IN C++ PUNCTUATORS IN C++ SPLIT FUNCTION IN C++ Stream Classes in C++ Vector declaration in c++ Virtual Function in C++ Babylonian Square Root Algorithm in C++ C++ Delegates Complex Number Program in C++ Custom Sort in C++ Differences Between C++ and JavaScript Meta Classes in C++ Prim’s Algorithm in C++ RAII in C++ How to access set elements in C++ How to Allocate and Deallocate Memory in C++ How to Convert String to Lowercase in c++ How to initialize a string in C++ How to Input a String in C++ Ignore Function in C++ Image Recognition Algorithm in C++ Insertion Sort Algorithm in C++ Knapsack Problem in C++ LOG BASE 2 IN C++ LOOPING STATEMENT IN C++ Managing Output with Manipulators in C++ Max Heap in C++ mbrlen- function in C-C++ Merge Overlapping Intervals in C++ Merge Sort Recursive in C++ Methods to Sort Strings in C++ Multiline Comment in C++ Multiple catch statements in C++ Naïve Bayes Algorithm in C++ Needleman Wunsch Algorithm in C++ Object delegation in C++ Pass 2 Assembler Program in C++ ratio_less_equal() function in C++ Rethrowing an exception in C++ Return type in C++ Reusability in C++ Round Robin Scheduling Program in C++ Sequence Container in C++ Sieve of Eratosthenes in C++ SOLID PRINCIPLES IN C++ STACK USING PUSH POP PROGRAMME IN C++ Stdlib Header File in C++ Strcmp function in C++ strcmpi in C++ Find minimum s-t cut in a flow network in C++ Hamilton Cycle Detection in C++ list cbеgin() and cеnd() function in C++ Maximum Bipartite Matching in C++ Neural Network in C++ Otsu Thresholding Opencv C++ Pancake Sorting in C++ Pimpl Idiom in C++ Print All Interleavings of Given Two Strings in C++ Print the Corner Elements and their Sum in a 2-D Matrix in C++ reinterpret_cast in C++ Rotate Bits of a Number in C++ Shallow Copy in C++ Stable Marriage Program in C++ Stack Smashing Detected in C++ Static Data Member in C++ String::npos in C++ Thread safe queue in C++ Total Keywords in C++ Tug of War in C++ What Kind of Exceptions are Available in C++ Which Operator is Used to Allocate Memory for an Object Boundary Traversal of Binary Number in C++ Difference between POP and OOP in C++ Fundamentals of Data Structures in C++ C++ Constructor Return Type C++ Libraries C++ STL Tutorial C++ Throw Character String in C++ Clone a Linked List with Next and Random Pointer in C++ Counting Sort in C++ Diffеrеncе Bеtwееn dеquе::cbеgin and 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Inline Functions in C++
2024-07-25 07:13:01

Inline Functions in C++

Introduction

The inline keyword instructs the compiler to use the code within the function declaration for every function call.

Inline functions can help your program run quicker by eliminating the overhead associated with function calls. The compiler can optimize functions extended inline in ways conventional functions cannot.

The compiler has complete control over inline code replacement. The compiler, for example, will not inline a function if its address is already in use or if it is too big to inline.

An inline function is declared in the body of a class declaration. Inline functions are available in C++ to minimize function call overhead. A function that expands in line when it is invoked is termed an inline function. The whole code of the inline function is added or replaced at the location of the inline function call when it is invoked. The C++ compiler makes this replacement at the time of compilation. An inline function may increase efficiency if it is tiny.

Use of Inline Functions

When a function call instruction is used in a program, the CPU copies the function's arguments to the stack, caching the memory location of the instruction after the function call and then passing control to the targeted function. The CPU then runs the function's code, saves the return value in a preset register or memory address, and hands control back to the function called the function. If the function's execution time is shorter than the time required to move from the calling function to the called function (callee), this might constitute overhead.

The overhead of the function call is typically negligible compared to how long the function takes to execute for extensive or sophisticated routines. However, the time required to make the function call is sometimes far longer than the time required to actually run the function's code for tiny, frequently called routines. Small functions experience this overhead since their switching time is less than their execution time.

Advantages of Inline Functions

  • There is no overhead when calling functions.
  • The overhead of pushing and removing variables from the stack when a function is invoked is also avoided.
  • Additionally, it avoids the overhead of a function's return call.
  • When a function is inlined, the compiler may perform context-specific optimization on the function's body. Regular function calls cannot be optimized in this way. More optimizations may be accomplished by taking into account the fluxes of the caller context and the called context.
  • For embedded devices, an inline function could be advantageous (assuming it is tiny), as it can produce less code than the preamble and return functions.

Disadvantages of Inline Functions

  • Variables added by inlined functions occupy additional registers. Register resources may become burdened as the number of variables used rises. There is an increase in the number of registers utilized for variables when the inline function body is replaced.
  • Due to repeating the same code, using excessive amounts of inline functions will result in a substantial binary executable file size.
  • Additionally, excessive inlining might lower your instruction cache hit rate, slowing down the pace at which instructions are fetched from the cache memory and moved to primary memory.
  • If someone changes the code inside the inline function, all the calling locations must be recompiled. The compiler would have to replace all the code once more to reflect the changes; otherwise, it will continue to function as before. This could increase compile-time overhead.
  • Many embedded systems might not benefit from inline functions because speed is less essential in embedded systems than code size.
  • Because inlining could make the binary executable file bigger, it might result in thrashing when using inline functions. The computer's performance suffers when memory thrashing occurs. The inline function is used in the program that follows.

Program Demonstration of Inline Functions

Here is a sample C++ program to demonstrate inline functions,

Code:

#include <iostream>

// Declaration of the inline function

inline int add(int a, int b) {

    return a + b;

}

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    std::cout << "Enter two numbers: ";

    std::cin >> num1 >> num2;

    // Calling the inline function

    int result = add(num1, num2);

    std::cout << "The sum is: " << result << std::endl;

    return 0;

}

In the above example, we have created an inline function add with the help of an inline keyword. We have called the function add with two parameters, num1, and num2, and stored the result in a variable named result.

Output:

Inline Functions in C++