C++ Tutorial Index

C++ Tutorial C++ History C++ Installation C++ First Program C++ cin and cout C++ Data type C++ Variable C++ operator C++ Keywords

C++ Control Statements

C++ If C++ Nested if C++ If-else C++ If-else-if C++ Switch C++ Break C++ Continue C++ Goto C++ For loop C++ While loop C++ Do while loop

C++ Functions

C++ Call by Value C++ Call by Reference C++ Recursion Function C++ Inline function C++ Friend function

C++ Arrays

Single dimension array Two dimension array

C++ Strings

C++ Strings

C++ Inheritance

C++ Inheritance Single level Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance Multiple Inheritance Hierarchical Inheritance Hybrid Inheritance

C++ Polymorphism

C++ Polymorphism C++ Overloading C++ Overriding C++ Virtual Function

C++ Pointers

C++ Pointers C++ this pointer

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Constructors

C++ Constructors Default Constructor Parameterize Constructor Copy constructor Constructor Overloading Destructor

C++ File Handling

C++ File Handling C++ Writing to file C++ Reading file C++ Close file

Miscellaneous

C Vs C++ C++ Comments C++ Data Abstraction C++ Identifier C++ Memory Management C++ Storage Classes C++ Void Pointer C++ Array To Function C++ Expressions C++ Features C++ Interfaces C++ Encapsulation std::min in C++ External merge sort in C++ Remove duplicates from sorted array in C++ Precision of floating point numbers Using these functions floor(), ceil(), trunc(), round() and setprecision() in C++ C++ References C++ Friend Functions C++ Mutable keyword Unary Operators in C++ Initialize Array of objects with parameterized constructors in C++ Differences between #define & const in C/C++ C++ Program to Implement Shell Sort C++ Program to Implement Merge Sort Storage Classes in C Vector resize() in C++ Passing by Reference Vs. Passing by the pointer in C++ Free vs delete() in C++ goto statement in C and C++ C++ program to read string using cin.getline() C++ String Concatenation Heap Sort in C++ Swap numbers in C++ Input Iterators in C++ Fibonacci Series in C++ C ++ Program: Alphabet Triangle and Number Triangle C++ Program: Matrix Multiplication C++ Program to Print Fibonacci Triangle Stack in C++ Maps in C++ Queue in C++ C++ Bitset C++ Algorithms Priority Queue in C++ C++ Multimap C++ Deque Function Pointer in C++ Sizeof() Operators in C++ C++ array of Pointers free() Vs delete in C Timsort Implementation Using C++ CPP Templates C++ Aggregation C++ Enumeration C++ Math Functions C++ Object Class C++ Queue Initialize Vector in C++ Vector in C++ C++ STL Components Function overloading in C++ C++ Maximum Index Problem C++ find missing in the second array C++ Program to find the product array puzzle C++ Program To Find Largest Subarray With 0 Sum C++ Program To Move All Zeros To The End Of The Array C++ Program to find the element that occurs once C++ Program to find the largest number formed from an array Constructor Vs Destructor C++ Namespaces C++ OOPs Concept C++ Static C++ Structs C++ Try-Catch C++ User Defined Exceptions C++ Virtual Destructor C++ vs C# Malloc() and new in C++ Palindrome Number Program in C++ Snake Code in C++ Splitting a string in C++ Structure Vs Class in C++ Virtual Function Vs Pure Virtual Function C++ Bidirectional Iterators C++ Forward Iterators C++ Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Range-based For Loop Converting string into integer in C++ LCM Program in C++ Type conversion in C++ Add two numbers using the function in C++ Advantage and disadvantage friend function C++ Armstrong Number Program in C++ ATM machine program in C++ using functions Binary to Decimal in C++ Bit Manipulation in C++ C++ Constructor C++ Dijkstra Algorithm Using the Priority Queue C++ int into String C++ Signal Handling Decimal to Binary in C++ Decimal to Hexadecimal in C++ Decimal to Octal in C++ Factorial Program in C++ Function in C++ Hexadecimal to Decimal in C++ Octal to Decimal in C++ Reverse a Number in C++ Structure Vs Class in C++ C++ Forward Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Prime number program Char Array to String in C++ Constructor Overloading in C++ Default arguments in C++ Different Ways to Compare Strings in C++ Dynamic Binding in C++ Program to convert infix to postfix expression in C++ SET Data Structure in C++ Upcasting and Downcasting in C++ Reverse an Array in C++ Fast Input and Output in C++ Delete Operator in C++ Copy elision in C++ C++ Date and Time C++ Bitwise XOR Operator Array of sets in C++ Binary Operator Overloading in C++ Binary Search in C++ Implementing the sets without C++ STL containers Scope Resolution Operator in C++ Smart pointers in C++ Types of polymorphism in C++ Exception Handling in C++ vs Java Const Keyword in C++ Type Casting in C++ Static keyword in C++ vs Java Inheritance in C++ vs Java How to concatenate two strings in C++ Programs to Print Pyramid Patterns in C++ swap() function in C++ Structure of C++ Program Stringstream in C++ and its applications rand() and srand() in C / C++ C++ Ternary Operator C++ Scope of Variables While Loop Examples in C++ Star pattern in C++ using For Loops For Loop Examples in C++ Do-While Loop Examples in C++ Top 5 IDEs for C++ That You Should Try Once Assertions in C/C++ C++ Convert Int to String Continue in C++ While loop Diamond Pattern in C++ using For Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using Do-While Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using For Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using While Loop Infinite loop in C++ Loops in C++ Returning Multiple Values from a Function using Tuple and Pair in C++ wcscpy(), wcslen(), wcscmp() Functions in C++ Auto keyword in C++ C++ 11 vs C++ 14 vs C++ 17 C++ STL (Standard Template Library) Differences Between C Structures and C++ Structures Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Dynamic Constructor in C++ Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ Find the Size of Array in C/C++ without using sizeof() function Floating Point Operations and Associativity in C, C++ and Java Hello World Program in C++ How to create a table in C++ How to Setup Environment for C++ Programming on Mac Implementation of a Falling Matrix in C++ Message Passing in C++ Pointer to Object in C++ Templates in C++ vs Generics in Java Ways to Copy a Vector in C++ What does Buffer Flush mean in C++ sort() function in C++ Structure Sorting (By Multiple Rules) in C++ Similarities between C++ and Java std::distance in C++ Array program in C++ C++ Tricks for Competitive Programming Desired Capabilities in Selenium Web Driver in C++ Socket Programming in C++ Template Specialization in C++ Classes and Objects in C++ Convex hull Algorithm in C++ DES in C++ C++ vardiac() function Difference between Two Sets in C++ Difference between Exit and Return Structured Binding in C++ Differences between Local and Global Variable Bitwise Operator vs Logical Operator Difference between OOP and POP in C++ Fork in C++ Functors in C++ How to call a void function in C++ How to create a directory or folder in C/C++ How to create a library in C++ How to create a stack in C++ How to create the Processes with Fork in C++ How to Handle Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Lambda Expression in C++ Pattern programs in C++ Roadmap to C++ Programming Substring in C++ Virtual base class in C++ Bits stdc++.h in C++ Top 14 Best Free C++ IDE (Editor & Compiler) for Windows in 2022 Bitmasking in C++ Auto Keyword in C++ Features of OOPS in C++ Hospital Management Project in C++ How to Declare Unordered Sets in C++ How to Sort an Array in C++ Include Guards in C++ Iostream in C++ Method overriding in C++ How to run program in turbo c++ How to Use Getline in C++ Leap Year Program in C++ Naming Convention in C++ New Operator in C++ Nullptr in C++ Object Slicing in C++ Principles of Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Processing strings using std string stream in C++ Pure Virtual Function in C++ With Example Program Random Number Generator in C++ Singleton Design Pattern in C++ Size_t Data Type in C++ Skyline Problem in C++ System() function in C++ Web Development in C++ Data Hiding in C++ Difference between exit() and _Exit() in C++ Hashing in C++ Object in C++ Sum of all Elements between k1’th and k2’th Smallest Elements Virtual class in C++ Vector Size in C++ Top best IDEs for C/C++ Developers in 2022 Tensorflow in C++ Sliding Window Technique in C++ Reverse String Word-Wise in C++ Returning a Function Pointer from a Function in C/C++ RTTI in C++ Pthreads or POSIX Threads in C++ Reserved Keywords in C++ Passing a Vector to a function in C++ 10 Best C and C++ Books for Beginners & Advanced Programmers Add two numbers represented by two arrays in C++ Array of Object in C++ C++ Program For FCFS Containership in C++ Counting Frequencies of Array Elements in C++ Decltype type Specifier in C++ Dynamic _Cast in C++ Difference between int main() and int main(void) in C/C++ Depth First Search Program to Traverse a Graph in C++ Features and Use Of Pointers in C/C++ Fread Function in C++ Programming Fscanf Function in The C++ Functions in C++ With Types and Examples Gmtime Function in C/C++ How is Multiset Implemented in C++ How to Build a Program in C++ How to Declare a 2d Array Dynamically in C++ inheritance Program in C++ int Max and int Min in C/C++ is It Fine to Write Void Main Or Main in C/C++ Lambda Expressions in C++ How to create a button in C++ abs() function in C++ Compile Time Polymorphism in C++ Division in C++ Factorial of a Number in C++ using while Loop Multiset in C++ 4 Pillars of OOPs Approach in C++ Backtracking Time Complexity in C++ C++ Global Variable C++ Pipe Tutorial Observer Design Pattern in C++ Private Inheritance in C++ Pthread in C++ Parameters SDL library in C++ with Examples Pointers in C++ Abstract Factory Design Pattern in C++
C++ STL Components
2021-05-11 16:02:25

C++ STL Components

C++ STL Components

In today’s article, we are going to learn about all the points things that is related to STL in C++ so stay connected because you are going to learn many things in simplest way possible.

Let’s first understand the full form of the STL in C++. So STL stands for Standard template library.

 STL definition

Standard template library (STL) in C++ is the library which provides us the set of C++ template classes which further provides us the generic classes and functions that we are using in implementation of data structures and algorithms.

Components of STL

So basically STL contains four components and those are given below:

  1. Containers.
  2. Algorithms
  3. Iterators
  4. Function object.

These four components are further described properly.

  1. Containers:-

Containers are a one way of organizing data in memory. In other words, we can also say that a container holds the data which is of same type.

Example – arrays, tree, list etc. we can implement these data structures using containers.

Containers are further divided into three classifications and those are:-

  • Sequence containers
  • Associative containers
  • Derived containers
  • Un-ordered Associative containers.

Sequence container:-

The sequence container is used to implement Data structure which need to be accessed in a sequential manner. Examples would be:- Vector, List, deque.

Associative container:-

Associative container is used to implement the stored data structure. Example would be- Multiset, Set, Map, multimap.

Un-ordered Associative containers:-

Un-ordered Associative containers are used to implement un-stored data structure. Example would be- Unordered -Multiset

Unordered -Set

Unordered -Map

Unordered –multimap

Derived containers:-

Derived containers are used to provide different interface to the sequence containers in C++. Example would be- Queue

Stack

Priority_queue

Here are following containers with description, header file and iterator.

ContainersDescriptionHeader fileiterator
VectorVector is also known as class in C++ STL which allows insertion and deletion at the back.<vector>Random access  
DequeDeque us basically a double ended queue which allows us the insertion and deletion at both side.<deque>Random access
ListWe can also refer to list as a sequence container which allows us the insertion and deletion from anywhere.<list>Bidirectional  
SetWe can also refer to set as a associate container for storing the unique sets.<set>Bidirectional.
MultisetMultiset is also a associate container for storing the non-unique sets.<sets>Bidirectional  
StackStack follows last in and first out (LIFO)<stack>No iterator
QueueQueue follows first in and first out (FIFO)<queue>No iterator
Priority_queueIn Priority_queue, first element is the highest priority element always.<queue>No iterator
MapMap is also an associate container to store unique key- value pair.<map>Bidirectional
MultimapIt is also associate container for storing key value pair, and each key can associate with more than one value<map>Bidirectioanl

Iterator:-

When we need to access the individual element in the container then we use iterator. Because iterator is referred as the pointer-like entities. When iterator is moving sequentially from one element to other element then this process is also known as iterating through containers.

Only two functions contain by iterator. Those are begin and end.

Begin():a member function begin() return the iterator to the first element of the vector.

End(): a member function end() returns the iterator to past the last element of that container.

Algorithms Definition

Standard template library (STL) in C++ provides us many algorithms that can be used with any of the container and the type of container will not affect the operation.

Algorithms are the library which contains built in function that can perform complex algorithms on the data-structure.

Example of some of the algorithms which are present in the algorithm library:

  • Sort()  = Which input or range we are giving, this algorithm helps in sorting. In either ascending order or descending order.
  • Reverse() = This function reverses the range.

In algorithm, there are approximately 60 algorithms (function), and these functions help in performing complex operations.

We are also allowed to work with two different algorithms at a same time.

These algorithms help in saving efforts and time. To trigger these algorithms, we need to include <algorithm> header file in the program first.

Types of algorithms in Standard template library (STL) in C++ areas follow:

  1. Sorting Algorithm.
  2. Mutating Algorithm.
  3. Non-Mutating Algorithm.
  4. Set Algorithm.
  5. Relational Algorithm.    

These algorithms are further described briefly.

  1. Sorting Algorithm: In Standard template library (STL), sorting algorithm helps in modifying the algorithms which is used to sort the elements in the container.
  • Mutating Algorithm: In Standard template library (STL), mutating algorithm is used to change the order of any element in which it is representing by altering the value of the container.
  •  Non-Mutating Algorithm: In Standard template library (STL), Non- Mutating Algorithm means that opposite of mutating algorithm which means non mutating algorithm does not change the order of any of the element which is present in the container nor it alter any value of the container.
  • Set Algorithm: In Standard template library (STL), Set Algorithm helps to perform some functions on the container which improves the efficiency of the program that is why this algorithm is also well-known as sorted range algorithm.
  • Relational Algorithm: In Standard template library (STL), Relational Algorithm are basically those algorithms which perform all the mathematical operation on the elements which is present in the container so in other words we can also say that Relational Algorithm is used to perform operation on numerical data.

Iterators Definition

Basically, iterators are used to point at the memory address of the Standard template library (STL) containers, and they are primarily used in sequence of int, char etc.

In other words, we can also refer to iterators of Standard template library (STL) as whenever we need to access the individual element in the container, we use iterator. Because it referred as the pointer-like entities.

Why iterators?

  1. We use iterators because it helps in reducing the complexity of the program.
  2. It also helps in executing the program in less time than iterators.

Iterator Syntax

Container_type<parameter_list>::

Iterator   iterator_name;

Different operations which are performed on iterators in Standard template library (STL) are as follows:

  1. Advance()
  2. Distance()
  3. Next()
  4. Previous()
  5. Begin()
  6. End()

Let’s discuss about the details of these operations.

  1. Advance():- The advance() operation means that it will increment the iterator I by the value of the distance and if the value of the distance is negative then instead of incrementing it , it will decrement.

Syntax would be: advance(iterator I, int distance)

  • Distance():- distance operation means that it will help in returning the number of elements or the distance between first and last iterator and these both are the same.

Syntax would be: distance(iterator first, iterator last)

  • Next():- next() means it will return nth iterator to i, which in simple words means that iterator pointing to nth element from the element pointed by the i.

Syntax would be:- next(iterator I, int n)

  • Previous():- prev() means that it will return nth predessor to i, which in simple words means that iteator pointing to nth predessor element from the element pointed by i.

Syntax would be:- prev(iterator I, int n)

This is same as the next() but the only difference here is that int n here is pointing the nth predessor.

  • Begin():- begin() means it brings the iterator to the start of the given container.

Syntax would be:-  begin()

  • End() :- end() means it returns the iterator to the end of the given container.

Syntax would be:- end()

These are the different operations which are performed on the iterators in Standard template library (STL)