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C++ Control Statements

C++ If C++ Nested if C++ If-else C++ If-else-if C++ Switch C++ Break C++ Continue C++ Goto C++ for loop C++ While loop C++ Do while loop

C++ functions

function in C++ C++ Call by Value C++ Call by Reference C++ Recursion function C++ inline function C++ Friend function C++ Friend functions function Pointer in C++ Sizeof() Operators in C++ C++ Math functions swap() function in C++ rand() and srand() in C / C++ wcscpy(), wcslen(), wcscmp() functions in C++ sort() function in C++ C++ vardiac() function System() function in C++ Fread function in C++ Programming Fscanf function in The C++ Gmtime function in C/C++ abs() function in C++ Sleep function in C++ Stoi function in C++ String erase() in C++ String Trim in C++ isprint() function in c++ is_trivial function in C++ div() function in C++ Set insert function in C++ rint(), rintf(), rintl() in C++ String append() function in C++ String push_back() in C++ String replace() in C++ Transform function in C++ exit() and _Exit() in C and C++ Std partition_point in C++ unique() in C++ ctime() function in C++ Gets() and Puts() in C++ Hypot(), hypotf() and hypotl() in C++ Log function in C++ Nearbyint() function in C++ setf() function in C++ Fill Function in C++ Map Find Function in C++ Malloc and Calloc in C++ Operator Function in C++ cin.get() in C++ seekp() Function in C++ eof() Function in C++ Emplace Back in C++ C++ macro function C_str in C++ Clock() in C/C++ round() function in C++ scalbn() function in C++ Stable Sort function in C++ Rotate in C++ Std:: Sort_heap in C++ Std::includes() in C++ STL std::memset() function in C++ Wcscmp() function in C++ Static Member function in C++ atof() function in C++ C++ Sin() function with Example cin.ignore() function in C++ Member function in C++ Pop_front Vector in C++ Vector resize() in C++ Malloc() and new in C++ std::distance in C++ C++ Date and Time fork() in C++ std::min in C++ isprint() in C++ rdbuf() in C++ fixed() Function in C++ setw() in C++ seekg() Function in C++ isdigit() Function in C++

C++ Function Miscellaneous

Precision of floating point numbers Using these functions floor(), ceil(), trunc(), round() and setprecision() in C++ function overloading in C++ Add two numbers using the function in C++ Advantage and disadvantage friend function C++ ATM machine program in C++ using functions Returning Multiple Values from a function using Tuple and Pair in C++ Find the Size of Array in C/C++ without using sizeof() function Pure Virtual function in C++ With Example Program Returning a function Pointer from a function in C/C++ Passing a Vector to a function in C++ functions in C++ With Types and Examples C++ Macro function Example Using Default Arguments with Virtual functions Virtual functions and Runtime Polymorphism Fesetround() and Fegetround() in C++ and their application Object as function Argument in C++ Private Member function in C++ Function Overriding in C++ C++ Program for Addition of Two Numbers Using functions function Object in C++ Elements of User Defined function in C++ Inline Functions in C++ Virtual Function in C++

C++ Arrays

Single dimension array Two dimension array

C++ Strings

C++ Strings

C++ Inheritance

C++ inheritance Single level inheritance Multilevel inheritance Multiple inheritance Hierarchical inheritance Hybrid inheritance

C++ Polymorphism

C++ Polymorphism C++ Overloading C++ Overriding C++ Virtual function

C++ Pointers

C++ Pointers C++ this pointer

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Constructors

C++ Constructors Default Constructor Parameterize Constructor Copy constructor Constructor Overloading Destructor

C++ File Handling

C++ File Handling C++ Writing to file C++ Reading file C++ Close file

C++ Programs

Structure of C++ Program Hello World Program in C++ C++ Program to Implement Shell Sort C++ Program to Implement Merge Sort C++ program to read string using cin.getline() C ++ Program: Alphabet Triangle and Number Triangle C++ Program: Matrix Multiplication C++ Program to Print Fibonacci Triangle C++ Program to find the product array puzzle C++ Program To Find Largest Subarray With 0 Sum C++ Program To Move All Zeros To The End of The Array C++ Program to find the element that occurs once C++ Program to find the largest number formed from an array Palindrome Number Program in C++ LCM Program in C++ Armstrong Number Program in C++ Factorial Program in C++ C++ Prime number program Program to convert infix to postfix expression in C++ Programs to Print Pyramid Patterns in C++ Array program in C++ Pattern programs in C++ Leap Year Program in C++ C++ Program for FCFS Depth First Search Program to Traverse a Graph in C++ inheritance Program in C++ Program that produces different results in C and C++ Example Program in C++ for input and Output Calculator Program using Switch in C++ Program for COPY Constructor in C++ Bank Program in C++ Anagram Program in C++

C++ Operators

Unary Operators in C++ Delete Operator in C++ C++ Bitwise XOR Operator Binary Operator Overloading in C++ Scope Resolution Operator in C++ C++ Ternary Operator New Operator in C++ Overloading array index operator in C++ Operator overloading in C++ Operators that cannot be overloaded in C++ Default Assignment Operator and References in C++ Conversion Operator in C++ Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Benefits of Operator Overloading in C++ Assignment Operator Overloading in C++ New and Delete Operator in C++ Insertion Operator in C++ Increment Operator in C++ Bitwise Operator in C++

C++ Examples

C++ Programming Examples While Loop Examples in C++ for Loop Examples in C++ Do-While Loop Examples in C++ SDL library in C++ with Examples C++ tcp client server example C++ tcp server example TCP Client Server Example in C++ Example of Parameterized Constructor in C++ Example of User Defined Data Type in C++

C++ Differences

C Vs C++ free() vs delete() in C++ Constructor Vs Destructor Passing by Reference Vs. Passing by the pointer in C++ C++ vs C# Structure Vs Class in C++ Virtual function Vs Pure Virtual function Structure Vs Class in C++ Exception Handling in C++ vs Java Static keyword in C++ vs Java inheritance in C++ vs Java C++ 11 vs C++ 14 vs C++ 17 Templates in C++ vs Generics in Java Bitwise Operator vs Logical Operator Type difference of Character literals in C VS C++ Copy Constructor vs Assignment Operator in C++ Map vs unordered_map in C++ Differences between #define & const in C/C++ Differences Between C Structures and C++ Structures Difference between Two Sets in C++ Difference between Exit and Return Differences between Local and Global Variable Difference between OOP and POP in C++ Difference between exit() and _Exit() in C++ Difference between int main() and int main(void) in C/C++ Difference Between Overloading and Overriding in C++ std::set_symmetric_difference in C++ Difference between Private and Protected in C++ Difference Between Encapsulation and Abstraction in C++ Difference between Template and Macro in C++ Difference between Abstraction and Interface in C++ Differences Between C++ and Javascript

How To

How to concatenate two strings in C++ How to Reverse a String in C++ using Do-While Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using for Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using While Loop How to create a table in C++ How to Setup Environment for C++ Programming on Mac How to call a void function in C++ How to create a directory or folder in C/C++ How to create a library in C++ How to create a stack in C++ How to create the Processes with fork in C++ How to Handle Divide by Zero Exception in C++ How to Declare Unordered Sets in C++ How to Sort an Array in C++ How to run program in turbo c++ How to Use Getline in C++ How is Multiset Implemented in C++ How to Build a Program in C++ How to Declare a 2d Array Dynamically in C++ How to create a button in C++ How the value is passed in C++ How to calculate size of string in C++ How to convert binary string to int in C++ How to convert string to float in C++ How to remove space from string in C++ How to use pair in C++ How to use the string find() in C++ How to Remove an Element From an Array in C++ How to Take Space Separated input in C++ How to Copy in Turbo C++ How to Use Pow in C++ How to Use Set in C++ How to Create Singleton Class in C++ How to Allocate Memory Dynamically in C++ How to Close Turbo C++ in Windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++

C++ Questions

What does Buffer Flush mean in C++ What is endl in C++ What is Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Which operators cannot be overloaded in C++ What is Static Member function in C++ What is This Pointer in C++ What is Upcasting in C++ What Kind of Exceptions Are Available in C++ What is Memory Allocation for Objects in C++ What is a Linked List in C++ is assignment operator inherited in C++ When should we write own Assignment operator in C++ What is an Object in C++ What is Copy Constructor in C++ What is a Static Member Function in C++

C++ Interview Questions

Advanced C++ interview Questions Oops Interview Questions in C++

Miscellaneous

External merge sort in C++ Remove duplicates from sorted array in C++ C++ References C++ Mutable keyword initialize Array of objects with parameterized constructors in C++ Storage Classes in C goto statement in C and C++ C++ String Concatenation Heap Sort in C++ Swap numbers in C++ input Iterators in C++ Fibonacci Series in C++ Stack in C++ Maps in C++ Queue in C++ C++ Bitset C++ Algorithms Priority Queue in C++ C++ Multimap C++ Deque C++ array of Pointers Timsort Implementation Using C++ CPP Templates C++ Aggregation C++ Enumeration C++ Object Class C++ Queue initialize Vector in C++ Vector in C++ C++ STL Components C++ Maximum index Problem C++ find missing in the second array C++ Namespaces C++ OOPs Concept C++ Static C++ Structs C++ Try-Catch C++ User Defined Exceptions C++ Virtual Destructor Snake Code in C++ Splitting a string in C++ C++ Bidirectional Iterators C++ forward Iterators C++ Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Range-based for Loop Converting string into integer in C++ Type conversion in C++ Binary to Decimal in C++ Bit Manipulation in C++ C++ Constructor C++ Dijkstra Algorithm Using the Priority Queue C++ int into String C++ Signal Handling Decimal to Binary in C++ Decimal to Hexadecimal in C++ Decimal to Octal in C++ Hexadecimal to Decimal in C++ Octal to Decimal in C++ Reverse a Number in C++ C++ forward Iterators C++ Output Iterators Char Array to String in C++ Constructor Overloading in C++ Default arguments in C++ Different Ways to Compare Strings in C++ Dynamic Binding in C++ SET Data Structure in C++ Upcasting and Downcasting in C++ Reverse an Array in C++ Fast input and Output in C++ Copy elision in C++ Array of sets in C++ Binary Search in C++ Implementing the sets without C++ STL containers Smart pointers in C++ Types of polymorphism in C++ Const Keyword in C++ Type Casting in C++ Stringstream in C++ and its applications C++ Scope of Variables Star pattern in C++ using for Loops Top 5 IDEs for C++ That You Should Try Once Assertions in 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exit() and _Exit() in C and C++
2023-04-28 21:00:16

exit() and _Exit() in C and C++

Introduction:

In computer programming, it is essential to terminate a program or process under certain circumstances. The exit function is used to terminate the execution of a program. In C and C++, there are two exit functions available: exit() and _Exit(). These functions allow a program to exit the execution, with or without cleaning up resources allocated by the program. This article will provide an overview of the exit() and _Exit() functions, their differences, and when to use them.

What is exit() function?

The exit() function is a library function in C and C++ that is used to terminate the execution of a program. This function is defined in the stdlib.h header file in C and cstdlib header file in C++. The exit() function takes an integer value as its argument, which is returned to the operating system upon the termination of the program. The exit() function performs essential tasks before terminating the program, such as closing open files, flushing output buffers, and deallocating memory.

Syntax of exit() function:

void exit(int status);

The integer value passed to the exit() function is called an exit status. The value of the exit status is usually 0 if the program terminates successfully and a non-zero value if the program terminates abnormally. The exit status can be retrieved by the operating system to determine the reason for termination.

Example program using exit() function:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


int main()
{
    printf("Before exit() function\n");
    exit(0);
    printf("After exit() function\n");
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

  • This program demonstrates the use of the exit() function in C.
  • The stdio.h and stdlib.h headers are included to provide access to the standard input/output functions and the exit() function, respectively.
  • In the main() function, the string "Before exit() function" is printed to the console using the printf() function.
  • The exit() function is then called with an argument of 0, indicating successful termination.
  • The exit() function terminates the program immediately and passes the specified status code (in this case, 0) back to the operating system.
  • Since the exit() function terminates the program, any code that comes after it will not be executed. Therefore, the next line, which contains the string "After exit() function", will not be printed to the console.

Program Output:

exit() and _Exit() in C and C++

What is _Exit() function?

The _Exit() function is similar to the exit() function in C and C++. However, the _Exit() function does not perform any cleanup tasks before terminating the program. This function is defined in the stdlib.h header file in C and cstdlib header file in C++.

Syntax of _Exit() function:

void _Exit(int status);

The integer value passed to the _Exit() function is called an exit status, which is returned to the operating system upon the termination of the program. The value of the exit status is usually 0 if the program terminates successfully and a non-zero value if the program terminates abnormally. The _Exit() function is used when there is no need to perform any cleanup tasks before terminating the program.

Example program using _Exit() function:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


int main()
{
    printf("Before _Exit() function\n");
    _Exit(0);
    printf("After _Exit() function\n");
    return 0;
}

Explanation:

  • This program demonstrates the use of the _Exit() function to terminate a program immediately.
  • The program starts by printing "Before _Exit() function" to the console.
  • Next, the _Exit() function is called with an exit status of 0. This causes the program to terminate immediately without executing any further code.
  • Therefore, the second printf statement ("After _Exit() function") is never executed.
  • Finally, the program returns 0 to the operating system to indicate successful termination.

Program Output:

exit() and _Exit() in C and C++

Differences between exit() and _Exit() functions

The exit() and _Exit() functions have some key differences:

  • The exit() function performs some essential tasks, such as closing open files, flushing output buffers, and deallocating memory, before terminating the program. The _Exit() function does not perform any of these tasks.
  • The exit() function allows a program to terminate with cleanup tasks, whereas the _Exit() function terminates the program immediately without any cleanup tasks.
  • The exit() function can be overridden by an atexit() function, which is executed before the program exits. The _Exit() function cannot be overridden by an atexit() function.

When to use exit() and _Exit() functions

The choice between exit() and _Exit() functions depends on the situation and the requirements of the program.

In general, use the exit() function when you want to terminate the program after performing cleanup tasks. For example, if your program has opened files, you should close them before terminating the program using the exit() function. This will ensure that the data is written to the files before the program terminates.

On the other hand, use the _Exit() function when you want to terminate the program immediately without performing any cleanup tasks. For example, if your program has encountered a critical error, you should terminate it immediately using the _Exit() function.

Common Use Cases for exit() and _Exit()

Here are some common situations where you might use the exit() or _Exit() functions:

  • To terminate the program when an unrecoverable error occurs.
  • To return an exit status to the operating system indicating the success or failure of the program execution.
  • To terminate the program when a specific condition is met, or a specific command is executed, such as when a user types "exit" in a command-line interface.
  • To terminate a program from a function that is called from multiple places in the program.
  • To terminate a program when a specific signal is received by the program.
  • To terminate a program in a multithreaded application, where different threads need to terminate independently.

Conclusion

In summary, the exit() and _Exit() functions in C and C++ are used to terminate a program's execution. The exit() function performs some essential tasks, such as closing open files, flushing output buffers, and deallocating memory, before terminating the program. On the other hand, the _Exit() function terminates the program immediately without performing any cleanup tasks.

In general, you should use the exit() function when you need to perform some cleanup tasks before terminating the program, such as closing open files or deallocating memory. On the other hand, you should use the _Exit() function when you need to terminate the program immediately without performing any cleanup tasks.

Both exit() and _Exit() functions allow a program to return an exit status to the operating system, indicating the success or failure of the program execution. It is important to choose the appropriate function depending on the situation and the desired behaviour of the program.