C++ Tutorial index

C++ Tutorial C++ History C++ installation C++ First Program C++ cin and cout C++ Data type C++ Variable C++ operator C++ Keywords C++ OOPS Concepts C++ Comments C++ Data Abstraction C++ Identifier C++ Memory Management C++ Storage Classes C++ Void Pointer C++ Array to function C++ Expressions C++ Features C++ Interfaces C++ Encapsulation

C++ Control Statements

C++ If C++ Nested if C++ If-else C++ If-else-if C++ Switch C++ Break C++ Continue C++ Goto C++ for loop C++ While loop C++ Do while loop

C++ functions

function in C++ C++ Call by Value C++ Call by Reference C++ Recursion function C++ inline function C++ Friend function C++ Friend functions function Pointer in C++ Sizeof() Operators in C++ C++ Math functions swap() function in C++ rand() and srand() in C / C++ wcscpy(), wcslen(), wcscmp() functions in C++ sort() function in C++ C++ vardiac() function System() function in C++ Fread function in C++ Programming Fscanf function in The C++ Gmtime function in C/C++ abs() function in C++ Sleep function in C++ Stoi function in C++ String erase() in C++ String Trim in C++ isprint() function in c++ is_trivial function in C++ div() function in C++ Set insert function in C++ rint(), rintf(), rintl() in C++ String append() function in C++ String push_back() in C++ String replace() in C++ Transform function in C++ exit() and _Exit() in C and C++ Std partition_point in C++ unique() in C++ ctime() function in C++ Gets() and Puts() in C++ Hypot(), hypotf() and hypotl() in C++ Log function in C++ Nearbyint() function in C++ setf() function in C++ Fill Function in C++ Map Find Function in C++ Malloc and Calloc in C++ Operator Function in C++ cin.get() in C++ seekp() Function in C++ eof() Function in C++ Emplace Back in C++ C++ macro function C_str in C++ Clock() in C/C++ round() function in C++ scalbn() function in C++ Stable Sort function in C++ Rotate in C++ Std:: Sort_heap in C++ Std::includes() in C++ STL std::memset() function in C++ Wcscmp() function in C++ Static Member function in C++ atof() function in C++ C++ Sin() function with Example cin.ignore() function in C++ Member function in C++ Pop_front Vector in C++ Vector resize() in C++ Malloc() and new in C++ std::distance in C++ C++ Date and Time fork() in C++ std::min in C++ isprint() in C++ rdbuf() in C++ fixed() Function in C++ setw() in C++ seekg() Function in C++ isdigit() Function in C++

C++ Function Miscellaneous

Precision of floating point numbers Using these functions floor(), ceil(), trunc(), round() and setprecision() in C++ function overloading in C++ Add two numbers using the function in C++ Advantage and disadvantage friend function C++ ATM machine program in C++ using functions Returning Multiple Values from a function using Tuple and Pair in C++ Find the Size of Array in C/C++ without using sizeof() function Pure Virtual function in C++ With Example Program Returning a function Pointer from a function in C/C++ Passing a Vector to a function in C++ functions in C++ With Types and Examples C++ Macro function Example Using Default Arguments with Virtual functions Virtual functions and Runtime Polymorphism Fesetround() and Fegetround() in C++ and their application Object as function Argument in C++ Private Member function in C++ Function Overriding in C++ C++ Program for Addition of Two Numbers Using functions function Object in C++ Elements of User Defined function in C++ Inline Functions in C++ Virtual Function in C++

C++ Arrays

Single dimension array Two dimension array

C++ Strings

C++ Strings

C++ Inheritance

C++ inheritance Single level inheritance Multilevel inheritance Multiple inheritance Hierarchical inheritance Hybrid inheritance

C++ Polymorphism

C++ Polymorphism C++ Overloading C++ Overriding C++ Virtual function

C++ Pointers

C++ Pointers C++ this pointer

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Constructors

C++ Constructors Default Constructor Parameterize Constructor Copy constructor Constructor Overloading Destructor

C++ File Handling

C++ File Handling C++ Writing to file C++ Reading file C++ Close file

C++ Programs

Structure of C++ Program Hello World Program in C++ C++ Program to Implement Shell Sort C++ Program to Implement Merge Sort C++ program to read string using cin.getline() C ++ Program: Alphabet Triangle and Number Triangle C++ Program: Matrix Multiplication C++ Program to Print Fibonacci Triangle C++ Program to find the product array puzzle C++ Program To Find Largest Subarray With 0 Sum C++ Program To Move All Zeros To The End of The Array C++ Program to find the element that occurs once C++ Program to find the largest number formed from an array Palindrome Number Program in C++ LCM Program in C++ Armstrong Number Program in C++ Factorial Program in C++ C++ Prime number program Program to convert infix to postfix expression in C++ Programs to Print Pyramid Patterns in C++ Array program in C++ Pattern programs in C++ Leap Year Program in C++ C++ Program for FCFS Depth First Search Program to Traverse a Graph in C++ inheritance Program in C++ Program that produces different results in C and C++ Example Program in C++ for input and Output Calculator Program using Switch in C++ Program for COPY Constructor in C++ Bank Program in C++ Anagram Program in C++

C++ Operators

Unary Operators in C++ Delete Operator in C++ C++ Bitwise XOR Operator Binary Operator Overloading in C++ Scope Resolution Operator in C++ C++ Ternary Operator New Operator in C++ Overloading array index operator in C++ Operator overloading in C++ Operators that cannot be overloaded in C++ Default Assignment Operator and References in C++ Conversion Operator in C++ Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Benefits of Operator Overloading in C++ Assignment Operator Overloading in C++ New and Delete Operator in C++ Insertion Operator in C++ Increment Operator in C++ Bitwise Operator in C++

C++ Examples

C++ Programming Examples While Loop Examples in C++ for Loop Examples in C++ Do-While Loop Examples in C++ SDL library in C++ with Examples C++ tcp client server example C++ tcp server example TCP Client Server Example in C++ Example of Parameterized Constructor in C++ Example of User Defined Data Type in C++

C++ Differences

C Vs C++ free() vs delete() in C++ Constructor Vs Destructor Passing by Reference Vs. Passing by the pointer in C++ C++ vs C# Structure Vs Class in C++ Virtual function Vs Pure Virtual function Structure Vs Class in C++ Exception Handling in C++ vs Java Static keyword in C++ vs Java inheritance in C++ vs Java C++ 11 vs C++ 14 vs C++ 17 Templates in C++ vs Generics in Java Bitwise Operator vs Logical Operator Type difference of Character literals in C VS C++ Copy Constructor vs Assignment Operator in C++ Map vs unordered_map in C++ Differences between #define & const in C/C++ Differences Between C Structures and C++ Structures Difference between Two Sets in C++ Difference between Exit and Return Differences between Local and Global Variable Difference between OOP and POP in C++ Difference between exit() and _Exit() in C++ Difference between int main() and int main(void) in C/C++ Difference Between Overloading and Overriding in C++ std::set_symmetric_difference in C++ Difference between Private and Protected in C++ Difference Between Encapsulation and Abstraction in C++ Difference between Template and Macro in C++ Difference between Abstraction and Interface in C++ Differences Between C++ and Javascript

How To

How to concatenate two strings in C++ How to Reverse a String in C++ using Do-While Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using for Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using While Loop How to create a table in C++ How to Setup Environment for C++ Programming on Mac How to call a void function in C++ How to create a directory or folder in C/C++ How to create a library in C++ How to create a stack in C++ How to create the Processes with fork in C++ How to Handle Divide by Zero Exception in C++ How to Declare Unordered Sets in C++ How to Sort an Array in C++ How to run program in turbo c++ How to Use Getline in C++ How is Multiset Implemented in C++ How to Build a Program in C++ How to Declare a 2d Array Dynamically in C++ How to create a button in C++ How the value is passed in C++ How to calculate size of string in C++ How to convert binary string to int in C++ How to convert string to float in C++ How to remove space from string in C++ How to use pair in C++ How to use the string find() in C++ How to Remove an Element From an Array in C++ How to Take Space Separated input in C++ How to Copy in Turbo C++ How to Use Pow in C++ How to Use Set in C++ How to Create Singleton Class in C++ How to Allocate Memory Dynamically in C++ How to Close Turbo C++ in Windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++

C++ Questions

What does Buffer Flush mean in C++ What is endl in C++ What is Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Which operators cannot be overloaded in C++ What is Static Member function in C++ What is This Pointer in C++ What is Upcasting in C++ What Kind of Exceptions Are Available in C++ What is Memory Allocation for Objects in C++ What is a Linked List in C++ is assignment operator inherited in C++ When should we write own Assignment operator in C++ What is an Object in C++ What is Copy Constructor in C++ What is a Static Member Function in C++

C++ Interview Questions

Advanced C++ interview Questions Oops Interview Questions in C++

Miscellaneous

External merge sort in C++ Remove duplicates from sorted array in C++ C++ References C++ Mutable keyword initialize Array of objects with parameterized constructors in C++ Storage Classes in C goto statement in C and C++ C++ String Concatenation Heap Sort in C++ Swap numbers in C++ input Iterators in C++ Fibonacci Series in C++ Stack in C++ Maps in C++ Queue in C++ C++ Bitset C++ Algorithms Priority Queue in C++ C++ Multimap C++ Deque C++ array of Pointers Timsort Implementation Using C++ CPP Templates C++ Aggregation C++ Enumeration C++ Object Class C++ Queue initialize Vector in C++ Vector in C++ C++ STL Components C++ Maximum index Problem C++ find missing in the second array C++ Namespaces C++ OOPs Concept C++ Static C++ Structs C++ Try-Catch C++ User Defined Exceptions C++ Virtual Destructor Snake Code in C++ Splitting a string in C++ C++ Bidirectional Iterators C++ forward Iterators C++ Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Range-based for Loop Converting string into integer in C++ Type conversion in C++ Binary to Decimal in C++ Bit Manipulation in C++ C++ Constructor C++ Dijkstra Algorithm Using the Priority Queue C++ int into String C++ Signal Handling Decimal to Binary in C++ Decimal to Hexadecimal in C++ Decimal to Octal in C++ Hexadecimal to Decimal in C++ Octal to Decimal in C++ Reverse a Number in C++ C++ forward Iterators C++ Output Iterators Char Array to String in C++ Constructor Overloading in C++ Default arguments in C++ Different Ways to Compare Strings in C++ Dynamic Binding in C++ SET Data Structure in C++ Upcasting and Downcasting in C++ Reverse an Array in C++ Fast input and Output in C++ Copy elision in C++ Array of sets in C++ Binary Search in C++ Implementing the sets without C++ STL containers Smart pointers in C++ Types of polymorphism in C++ Const Keyword in C++ Type Casting in C++ Stringstream in C++ and its applications C++ Scope of Variables Star pattern in C++ using for Loops Top 5 IDEs for C++ That You Should Try Once Assertions in C/C++ C++ Convert int to String Continue in C++ While loop Diamond Pattern in C++ using for Loop infinite loop in C++ Loops in C++ Auto keyword in C++ C++ STL (Standard Template Library) Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Dynamic Constructor in C++ Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ Floating Point Operations and Associativity in C, C++ and Java Implementation of a Falling Matrix in C++ Message Passing in C++ Pointer to Object in C++ Ways to Copy a Vector in C++ Structure Sorting (By Multiple Rules) in C++ Similarities between C++ and Java C++ Tricks for Competitive Programming Desired Capabilities in Selenium Web Driver in C++ Socket Programming in C++ Template Specialization in C++ Classes and Objects in C++ Convex hull Algorithm in C++ DES in C++ Structured Binding in C++ Functors in C++ Lambda Expression in C++ Roadmap to C++ Programming Substring in C++ Virtual base class in C++ Bits stdc++.h in C++ Top 14 Best Free C++ IDE (Editor & Compiler) for Windows in 2022 Bitmasking in C++ Features of OOPS in C++ Hospital Management Project in C++ include Guards in C++ Iostream in C++ Method overriding in C++ Naming Convention in C++ Nullptr in C++ Object Slicing in C++ Principles of Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Processing strings using std string stream in C++ Random Number Generator in C++ Singleton Design Pattern in C++ Size_t Data Type in C++ Skyline Problem in C++ Web Development in C++ Data Hiding in C++ Hashing in C++ Object in C++ Sum of all Elements between k1’th and k2’th Smallest Elements Virtual class in C++ Vector Size in C++ Top best IDEs for C/C++ Developers in 2022 Tensorflow in C++ Sliding Window Technique in C++ Reverse String Word-Wise in C++ RTTI in C++ Pthreads or POSIX Threads in C++ Reserved Keywords in C++ 10 Best C and C++ Books for Beginners & Advanced Programmers Add two numbers represented by two arrays in C++ Array of Object in C++ Containership in C++ Counting Frequencies of Array Elements in C++ Decltype type Specifier in C++ Dynamic _Cast in C++ Features and Use of Pointers in C/C++ int Max and int Min in C/C++ is It Fine to Write Void Main Or Main in C/C++ Compile Time Polymorphism in C++ Division in C++ Factorial of a Number in C++ using while Loop Multiset in C++ 4 Pillars of OOPs Approach in C++ Backtracking Time Complexity in C++ C++ Global Variable C++ Pipe Tutorial Observer Design Pattern in C++ Private inheritance in C++ Pthread in C++ Parameters Pointers in C++ Abstract Factory Design Pattern in C++ Ascending order in C++ Call by Pointer in C++ Constexpr in C++ Deadlock in C++ Design Patterns in C++ Factory Method for Designing Pattern in C++ Name Mangling and extern in C++ Preventing Object Copy in C++ Quick Sort in C++ Single Handling in C++ Use of inheritance in C++ User-defined literals in C++ Vector methods in C++ Void * in C and C++ Zombie and Orphan Process in C++ List and Vector in C++ List iterators in C++ Merging Two Vectors in C++ Early Binding and Late Binding in C++ Factory Design Pattern in C++ Fisher-Yates shuffle algorithm in C++ for Auto in C++ Group anagrams in C++ Dynamic Casting in C++ 2D Vector initialization in C++ C++ GUI Visual Studio C++ IPC C++ Permutation Overloading Stream insertion in C++ Array sum in C++ STL C++ Define Macro C++ Design C++ Factory Pattern Convert String to Uppercase in C++ initializer list in C++ Iterator invalidation in C++ Lower bound in C++ Modulus of Two float numbers or double number Pass by value in C++ Stack size in C++ Unordered_map in C++ Binary String to int C++ Boost C++ Exception handling in constructor and destructor in C++ Explain class template in C++ Kadane Algorithm in C++ Map of Pairs in STL Pair in C++ Access Specifiers in C++ Add Two Numbers in C++ Using Class C++ Socket Programming Windows Cube root in C++ C++ Protected inheritance C++ Return Object Static Data Members in C++ Association in C++ Boost libraries in C++ Automatic Storage Class in C++ C++ Move Constructor Cast in C++ C++ 11 Lambda C++ Multithreading Bottom-up Approach in C++ C++ Static Class C++ Static Member C++ Static Variable C++ Template Class Implementation Kruskals Algorithm in C++ Kth Permutation Sequence in C++ Kth Smallest Element Using Priority Queue in C++ Min Heap in C++ Multilevel inheritance in C++ Playfair Cipher Algorithm in C++ Exception Handling in Java and C++ Sorting in C++ Time and Space Complexity for Loops in C++ Convert Vector To String in C++ Cascading in C++ Control Structure in C++ Passing Object as argument in C++ Vector Pair in C++ String Data Types in C++ Topological Sort in C++ C++ Move Semantics C++ Static Library Linking Call by Value and Call by Reference in C++ Data Structures algorithms and application in C++ Dereferencing a Pointer in C++ Linked List in C++ All Swing Components in C++ anonymous Object in C++ Cerr in C++ Control Flow Statement in C++ cstdlib in C++ Exception Objects in C++ Base Class and Derived Class in C++ Creating A Menu in C++ Escape Sequence in C++ Explicit in C++ int range in C++ Maximum Value in Vector in C++ NPTEL Programming in C++ Shared Pointer in C++ Static Member Function in C++ With Example The Diamond Pattern in C++ Const ptr C++ Const_Cast C++ Area Of Triangle in C++ Array input in C++ Cin String in C++ Coroutine in C++ Gui Design in C++ integer in C++ Advantages and Disadvantages of inheritance in C++ C++ IDE Linux C++ Mini Project With Source Code And Output C++ Variables Types Containers in C++ Dynamic Binding in C++ Explain Access Specifiers in C++ Iomanip in C++ Noexcept in C++ C++ Reference Initializer in C++ Constant Arguments in C++ Vector in C++ Stl Singleton Pattern in C++ Error Handling in C++ C++ Thread Id to Int C Str in C++ C++ Shared Ptr Scope Resolution Operator in C++ C++ Random Number Between 1 and 10 File Opening Mode in C++ New and Delete in C++ Big Integers in C++ Stack Unwinding in C++ C++ Syntax Link Map cbegin() and cend() function in C++ STL Hamming Code Implementation in C++ Files and Streams in C++ Private Destructor in C++ Semaphore in C++ Map Emplace_hint() function in C++ STL Complex Number Program in C++ Meta Classes in C++ C++ Delegates Custom Sort in C++ RAII in C++ Babylonian Square Root Algorithm in C++ File Input and output operation in C++ Sum of Digits of a Number in C++ C++ Type Traits Binary Search Tree Program in C++ Tree in C++ Built in Types in C++ Catch all Exceptions in C++ C++ Template Class Declaration and Definition C++ Generic Programming Introduction Fundamental Data Types in C++ API in C++ Menu Driven Program in C++ Exception Specification in C++ Bit Manipulation in C++ Dynamic Initialization Of Objects in C++ Returning Object from a Function in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Edmonds Karp Algorithm in C++ Flush in C++ Find Substring in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Final in C++ Lvalue and Rvalue in C++ C++ Singleton File Stream in C++ Has a Relationship in C++ Character Set in C++ Menu Driven Program in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Associative Containers in C++ Decltype in C++ Insert Function in C++ Metaclass in C++ Move Constructor in C++ Move Semantics in C++

Data Hiding in C++
2022-10-16 22:17:20

Data Hiding in C++

C++ :

High-performance apps can be made using the cross-platform language C++. Bjarne Stroustrup created C++ as an addition to the C language. Programmers have extensive control over memory and system resources thanks to C++.

We can say that C++ language is an object oriented programming language. Programming in C++, an object-oriented language, offers applications a distinct structure and encourages code reuse, which reduces development costs.

Applications that can be converted to different platforms can be created using C++ because it is portable.

Fun and simple to learn, C++. Because C++ is close to C# and Java, programmers can easily move from one to the other. We can also say that c++ programming language is an extension of c programming language.

Data hiding in C++ programming language :

In C++, the process of hiding of data or data hiding from object members is known as data hiding. In the event that an object member tries to access hidden data, the programmer will return an error.

The programmer cannot connect to data that has been buried since it is inaccurate because of this safety feature. To know about the internal object details, object-oriented programming (OOP) language uses the software development method known as data hiding (data members).

Data hiding ensures that class members have exclusive access to data and safeguards object integrity by preventing unintentional or intentional alterations. Let us see a small practical example for data hiding in c++ programmimg language.

Example: In this illustration, a class is present along with two functions and a variable. The variable "num" in this instance is private, meaning that only other members of the same class may access it. This prevents it from being accessed outside of the class, a process known as data hiding.

Applications of Data Hiding :

Let's look at the following example to better understand data hiding. Assuming you are the programmer, let's say you create a class called "CheckAccount" and construct a data member called "Balance" that represents a user's bank account balance.

The data member "Balance" in this case contains sensitive data. Although you might grant access to an external programmer to examine this sensitive data, it's highly unlikely that you will permit this external application to change the properties of the data held in the member's Balance. Data hiding, and more especially the usage of the private access specifier, can be used to achieve this result.

Data that is duplicated and delicate are frequently subject to data hiding. The efficient and speedy operation of a software depends on this kind of data. Due to unauthorised access, the ensuing data changes are irreversible and necessitate a complete rewrite on the part of the programmer before future use.

Data hiding shields students against unintended oversights. Typically, a class consists of several linked fields that must all be in a reliable state. Let's say a programmer is given direct access to any of these fields. In that circumstance, there's a chance that you might make changes to one area without making changes to crucial linked fields, which would put your class in a conflicting situation.

Advantages of Data Hiding:

There are many advantages and benefits of data hiding. Few of them are as shown below:

  • It is used to decrease the complexity and unpredictable nature of data.
  • It increases the program's capacity for reuse.
  • Reduces system complexity for improved robustness by minimizing interdependencies between software components.
  • It offers protection for data against tampering and unauthorised access.

The data hiding in C++ programming language consists of private , public and also protected methods as well as members.

Now let us see an example of data hiding in C++ programming language using the following code as shown below:

Example :

#include < iostream >
using namespace std;
class Parent
{
int n;
 public :
void read ( );
void print ( );
};
void Parent : : read ( )
{
cout < < “ Enter the value of integer : “ < < endl ; cin  > > n;
}
void Parent : : print ( )
{
cout < < “ The integer value is “ < < num < < endl ;
}
int main ( ) 
{
Parent obj1;
obj1.read ( );
obj1.print ( );
return 0;
}

Output :

Enter the value of integer : 
15
The integer value is 15