Python Tutorial

Introduction Python Features Python Applications Python System requirements Python Installation Python Examples Python Basics Python Indentation Python Variables Python Data Types Python IDE Python Keywords Python Operators Python Comments Python Pass Statement

Python Conditional Statements

Python if Statement Python elif Statement Python If-else statement Python Switch Case

Python Loops

Python for loop Python while loop Python Break Statement Python Continue Statement Python Goto Statement

Python Arrays

Python Array Python Matrix

Python Strings

Python Strings Python Regex

Python Built-in Data Structure

Python Lists Python Tuples Python Lists vs Tuples Python Dictionary Python Sets

Python Functions

Python Function Python min() function Python max() function Python User-define Functions Python Built-in Functions Python Recursion Anonymous/Lambda Function in Python apply() function in python Python lambda() Function

Python File Handling

Python File Handling Python Read CSV Python Write CSV Python Read Excel Python Write Excel Python Read Text File Python Write Text File Read JSON File in Python

Python Exception Handling

Python Exception Handling Python Errors and exceptions Python Assert

Python OOPs Concept

OOPs Concepts in Python Classes & Objects in Python Inheritance in Python Polymorphism in Python Python Encapsulation Python Constructor Python Super function Python Static Method Static Variables in Python Abstraction in Python

Python Iterators

Iterators in Python Yield Statement In Python Python Yield vs Return

Python Generators

Python Generator

Python Decorators

Python Decorator

Python Functions and Methods

Python Built-in Functions Python String Methods Python List Methods Python Dictionary Methods Python Tuple Methods Python Set Methods

Python Modules

Python Modules Python Datetime Module Python Math Module Python Import Module Python Time ModulePython Random Module Python Calendar Module CSV Module in Python Python Subprocess Module

Python MySQL

Python MySQL Python MySQL Client Update Operation Delete Operation Database Connection Creating new Database using Python MySQL Creating Tables Performing Transactions

Python MongoDB

Python MongoDB

Python SQLite

Python SQLite

Python Data Structure Implementation

Python Stack Python Queue Python Linked List Python Hash Table Python Graph

Python Advance Topics

Speech Recognition in Python Face Recognition in Python Python Linear regression Python Rest API Python Command Line Arguments Python JSON Python Subprocess Python Virtual Environment Type Casting in Python Python Collections Python Attributes Python Commands Python Data Visualization Python Debugger Python DefaultDict Python Enumerate

Python 2

What is Python 2

Python 3

Anaconda in Python 3 Anaconda python 3 installation for windows 10 List Comprehension in Python3

How to

How to Parse JSON in Python How to Pass a list as an Argument in Python How to Install Numpy in PyCharm How to set up a proxy using selenium in python How to create a login page in python How to make API calls in Python How to run Python code from the command prompt How to read data from com port in python How to Read html page in python How to Substring a String in Python How to Iterate through a Dictionary in Python How to convert integer to float in Python How to reverse a string in Python How to take input in Python How to install Python in Windows How to install Python in Ubuntu How to install PIP in Python How to call a function in Python How to download Python How to comment multiple lines in Python How to create a file in Python How to create a list in Python How to declare array in Python How to clear screen in Python How to convert string to list in Python How to take multiple inputs in Python How to write a program in Python How to compare two strings in Python How to create a dictionary in Python How to create an array in Python How to update Python How to compare two lists in Python How to concatenate two strings in Python How to print pattern in Python How to check data type in python How to slice a list in python How to implement classifiers in Python How To Print Colored Text in Python How to open a file in python How to Open a file in python with Path How to run a Python file in CMD How to change the names of Columns in Python How to Concat two Dataframes in Python How to Iterate a List in Python How to learn python Online How to Make an App with Python How to develop a game in python How to print in same line in python How to create a class in python How to find square root in python How to import numy in python How to import pandas in python How to uninstall python How to upgrade PIP in python How to append a string in python How to comment out a block of code in Python How to change a value of a tuple in Python How to append an Array in Python How to Configure Python Interpreter in Eclipse How to plot a Histogram in Python How to Import Files in Python How to Download all Modules in Python How to get Time in seconds in Python How to Practice Python Programming How to plot multiple linear regression in Python How to set font for Text in Python How to Convert WhatsApp Chat Data into a Word Cloud using Python How to Install Tweepy in Python How to Write a Configuration file in Python How to Install Scikit-Learn How to add 2 lists in Python How to assign values to variables in Python and other languages How to build an Auto Clicker using Python How to check if the dictionary is empty in Python How to check the version of the Python Interpreter How to convert Float to Int in Python How to Convert Int to String in Python How to Define a Function in Python How to Install Pandas in Python How to Plot Graphs Using Python How to Program in Python on Raspberry pi How to Reverse a number in Python How to Sort a String in Python How to build a Virtual Assistant Using Python How to Fix an EOF Error in Python How to make a firewall in Python How to clear screen in Python How to Create User Defined Exceptions in Python How to determine if a binary tree is height-balanced How to Import Kaggle Datasets Directly into Google Colab How to Install Python in Kali Linux

Sorting

Python Sort List Sort Dictionary in Python Python sort() function Python Bubble Sort

Programs

Factorial Program in Python Prime Number Program in Python Fibonacci Series Program in Python Leap Year Program in Python Palindrome Program in Python Check Palindrome In Python Calculator Program in Python Armstrong Number Program in Python Python Program to add two numbers Anagram Program in Python Number Pattern Programs in Python Even Odd Program in Python GCD Program in Python Python Exit Program Python Program to check Leap Year Operator Overloading in Python Pointers in Python Python Not Equal Operator Raise Exception in Python Salary of Python Developers in India

Questions

What is a Script in Python What is the re.sub() function in Python After Python What Should I Learn What Does the Percent Sign (%) Mean in Python What is online python free IDE What is Python online compiler What are the Purposes of Python What is Python compiler GDB What is Ipython shell What does base case mean in recursion What does the if __name__ == "__main__" do in Python What is Sleeping Time in Python What is Collaborative Filtering in ML, Python What is the Python Global Interpreter Lock What is None Literal in Python What is the Output of the bool in Python Is Python Case-sensitive when Dealing with Identifiers Is Python Case Sensitive Is Python Object Oriented Programming language

Differences

Difference between Perl and Python Difference between python list and tuple Difference between Input() and raw_input() functions in Python Difference between Python 2 and Python 3 Difference Between Yield And Return In Python Important Difference between Python 2.x and Python 3.x with Example Difference between Package and Module in Python Difference between Expression and Statement in Python Difference between For Loop and While Loop in Python Difference between Module and Package in Python Difference between Sort and Sorted in Python Difference between Overloading and Overriding in Python Python vs HTML Python vs R Python vs Java Python vs PHP While vs For Loop in Python Python Iterator vs Iterable Set Vs List Python

Python Kivy

Kivy Architecture Kivy Buttons Kivy Layouts Kivy Widgets What is Kivy in Python

Python Tkinter

Application to get live USD/INR rate Using Tkinter in Python Application to Search Installed Application using Tkinter in Python Compound Interest GUI Calculator using Tkinter in Python Create a Table Using Tkinter in Python Create First GUI Application using Tkinter in Python File Explorer using Tkinter in Python GUI Calendar using Tkinter in Python GUI to extract lyrics from a song Using Tkinter in Python GUI to Shut down, Restart and Logout from the PC using Tkinter in Python Loan calculator using Tkinter in Python Make Notepad using Tkinter in Python Rank Based Percentile GUI Calculator using Tkinter in Python Screen Rotation app Using Tkinter in Python Spell Corrector GUI using Tkinter in Python Standard GUI Unit Converter using Tkinter in Python Text detection using Tkinter in Python To Do GUI Application using Tkinter in Python Weight Conversion GUI using Tkinter in Python Age calculator using Tkinter Create a Digital Clock Using Tkinter Create a GUI Marksheet using Tkinter Simple GUI Calculator Using Tkinter Simple Registration form using Tkinter Weight Conversion GUI Using Tkinter Color Game Using Tkinter in Python File Explorer in Python using Tkinter Making of Notepad Using Tkinter Python Simple FLAMES Game Using Tkinter Python ToDo GUI Application Using Tkinter Python

Python PyQt5

Compound Interest GUI Calculator using PyQt5 in Python Create Table Using PyQt5 in Python Create the First GUI Application using PyQt5 in Python GUI Calendar using PyQt5 in Python Loan Calculator using PyQt5 in Python Rank Based Percentile GUI Calculator using PyQt5 in Python Simple GUI calculator using PyQt5 in Python Standard GUI Unit Converter using PyQt5 in Python

Misc

Introduction to Scratch programming SKLearn Clustering SKLearn Linear Module Standard Scaler in SKLearn Python Time Library SKLearn Model Selection Standard Scaler in SKLearn Accuracy_score Function in Sklearn Append key Value to Dictionary in Python Cross Entropy in Python Cursor in Python Data Class in Python Imread Python Parameter Passing in Python Program of Cumulative Sum in Python Python Program for Linear Search Python Program to Generate a Random String Read numpy array in Python Scrimba python Sklearn linear Model in Python Scraping data in python Accessing Key-value in Dictionary in Python Find Median of List in Python Linear Regression using Sklearn with Example Problem-solving with algorithm and data structures using Python Python 2.7 data structures Python Variable Scope with Local & Non-local Examples Arguments and parameters in Python Assertion error in python Programs for Printing Pyramid Patterns in Python _name_ in Python Amazon rekognition using python Anaconda python 3.7 download for windows 10 64-bit Android apps for coding in python Augmented reality in python Best app for python Not supported between instances of str and int in python Python comment symbol Python Complex Class Python IDE names Selection Sort Using Python Hypothesis Testing in Python Idle python download for Windows Insertion Sort using Python Merge Sort using Python Python - Binomial Distribution Python Logistic Regression with Sklearn & Scikit Python Random shuffle() method Python variance() function Removing the First Character from the String in Python Adding item to a python dictionary Best books for NLP with Python Best Database for Python Count Number of Keys in Dictionary Python Cross Validation in Sklearn Drop() Function in Python EDA in Python Excel Automation with Python Python Program to Find the gcd of Two Numbers Python Web Development projects Adding a key-value pair to dictionary in Python Python Euclidean Distance Python Filter List Python Fit Transform Python e-book free download Python email utils Python range() Function Python random.seed() function Python PPTX Python Pickle Python Seaborn Python Coroutine Python EOL Python Infinity Python math.cos and math.acos function Python Project Ideas Based On Django Reverse a String in Python Reverse a Number in Python Python Word Tokenizer Python Trigonometric Functions Python try catch exception GUI Calculator in Python Implementing geometric shapes into the game in python Installing Packages in Python Python Try Except Python Sending Email Socket Programming in Python Python CGI Programming Python Data Structures Python abstract class Python Compiler Python K-Means Clustering NSE Tools In Python Operator Module In Python Palindrome In Python Permutations in Python Pillow Python introduction and setup Python Functionalities of Pillow Module Python Argmin Python whois Python JSON Schema Python lock Return Statement In Python Reverse a sentence In Python tell() function in Python Why learn Python? 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Data Structures and Algorithms using Python | Part 2

Files:

A file is a location or information stored in computer storage devices. File handling is essential when the information or the data is to be held permanently.

When we try to implement the files program in other languages, it is very lengthy compared to Python. In Python, the execution of files is more accessible and shorter.

In Python, the files are created in two modes one is text and the other in binary mode. Every line of the file must be ended with special characters.

There are mainly three file operations that can be done in a particular order.

  • Open a file
  • Read or Write – operations
  • Close the file

Opening a File:

When we have created a new file and want to open that file, then we use an open() function, which intakes two arguments, file name and access mode. This capability will return a document object used to perform different tasks like perusing, composing, and so forth.

Syntax:

File = open(<file-name>, <access-mode>, <buffering>)

There are some access modes to open a file. They are

"r":

This mode opens the record to peruse just mode. This record pointer generally exists toward the start. In this mode, as a matter of course, the record is open.

"rb":

This mode opens a document to peruse just in the parallel organisation. This document pointer generally exists toward the start.

r+”:

This mode opens the file in both modes to read and write. This file pointer always exists at the beginning.

rb+”:

This mode opens the file to read and write in binary mode. This file pointer always exists at the beginning.

w”:

This mode opens the file to write-only mode. This file pointer always exists at the beginning. The write mode overwrites the file if any previous files exist.

wb”:

This mode opens the file to the write-only mode in binary format. This file pointer always exists at the beginning.

w+”:

This mode opens the file in both modes to read and write. This file pointer always exists at the beginning. It is different from “r+” because “r+” doesn’t overwrite the previous file, if any exist.

wb+”:

This mode opens the file in both modes to read and write in binary mode. This file pointer always exists at the beginning.

a”:

This mode opens the file in the append mode. This file pointer exists at the end of the file. If no files exist, it will create a new file in binary format if no other files with the same name exist.

ab”:

This mode opens the file in the append mode in binary format. This file pointer exists at the end of the file. If no files exist, it will create a new file in binary format if no other files with the same name exist.

a+”:

This mode opens the file in the append mode and reads mode. This file pointer exists at the end of the file. If no files exist, it will create a new file in binary format if no other files with the same name exist.

ab+”:

This mode opens the file in the append mode and reads both in binary format. This file pointer exists at the end of the file. If no files exist, it will create a new file in binary format if no other files with the same name exist.

Example:

#simple program to open the file in the read mode
fp = open(“f.txt”, ”r”)
if fp:
    print(“The file is opened successfully in the read mode”)

Output:

<class ‘_io. TextIOWrapper’ >
The file is opened successfully in the read mode.

Explanation:

“f.txt” is the file name and a text file. We have opened the file in reading mode. After that, we have given an if block, and if the statement is true, the print statement will be printed.

Close() Method:

After completing all the operations, like reading and writing on the file, we must close the file using the close() method. If any unwritten information is present in the file, all that information will be destroyed after using the close() method.

Syntax:

fileobject.close()

Example:

#simple program to open the file in the read mode
fp = open(“f.txt”, ”r”)
if fp:
    print(“The file is opened successfully in the read mode”)
#closing the file that is opened 
fp.close()

Once the file is closed, we can’t perform any operations on the files. We have to close the file correctly, i.e., after completing all the operations or functions like reading and writing on the files, we only have to close the file.

The “with” Statement:

If we want to manipulate files, we must use the “with” statement. The with

statement will be available only from Python 2.5 versions, and we can’t use “with.”

statement in the lower versions of the Python. “with” statement is used when a pair

of statements is executed with a block between the files.

Syntax:

with open(<name of the file>, <the mode to be accessed>) as <file-pointer>:

#statements to be executed

Using of “with” statement is always helpful in the program, mainly in the case of files

because if there are any mistake or error occurs in our program or any particular

block of code like a break, return, or exceptions, then the “with” statement

automatically close the file without using the close() method. And the file will not be

corrupted.

Example:

With open(“f.txt”, “r”) as fp: #opening a file named “f.txt” in the read mode
C = fp.read() #reading some text into c
print(c) #printing the previously stored data of the c

Writing the File:

In Python, if we want to write some text to a file, then firstly, we have to open the file

using the open() method with any of the following access modes

W:

This mode opens the file to write-only mode. This file pointer always exists at the

beginning. The write mode overwrites the file if any previous files exist.

a:

This mode opens the file in the append mode. This file pointer exists at the end of

the file. If no files exist, it will create a new file in binary format if no other files with

the same name exist.

Read a File:

We can use the read() method in Python to read a file. This method is used to read

the string form of the file. The read() method can read the data in text and binary formats.

Syntax:

fileobject.read( < count > )

In the above syntax, the count is used to specify the number of bytes to be read from

the file. It always starts considering the bytes from the beginning of the file. In the

read() method, if we forget to give a count, it will read the whole content of the

file.

Example:

#simple program to read the content of the file and print it
fp = open("f.txt","r")  
#all the data of the file will be stored in the variable c    
c = fp.read(10)   
#printing the type of data stored in the file    
print(type(c))      
#printing the c of the file    
print(c)       
#closing the opened file    
fp.close()    

Output

<class ‘str’>
Java is an

Explanation:

We have opened a file in the reading mode in the above program. We have read the content of f.txt by using the read() method or function. In the above program, we have passed the count value as ten, i.e., the content will store only the first ten characters from the file.

c = fp.read()
print(c) 

If we give the read function as above, it will read all the file characters. And the output will be

Output:

Java is an object-oriented programming language.

Reading File through for Loop:

Without using any other variable, we can directly print the file’s data using the for loop.

Example:

#simple program to print the file data using the for loop
fp = open(“f.txt”, “r”);
#printing the file’s data using for loop
For i in fp:
     Print(i)    # I contains all the lines available in the file

Output:

Java is an object-oriented programming language.

Readline() Method:

Python provides a readline() method which reads the file line by line. We use the readline() method instead of loops. This function reads the file from the beginning.

If we want to print the first line of the file, we will write the single readline() method, and to print the two lines of the file, we will write two readline() ways.

Example:

#simple program to print the file data using the readline() method
fp = open(“f.txt”, “r”);
c = fp.readline()           #c stores the first line of the file
print(c)          #print the first line of the file

Output:

Java is an object-oriented programming language.

Reading Lines of the file  using the readlines() function:

Using the readline() function or method, we can read only a single line of the file but using the readlines() function or form, we can read all the lines of the file.

Example:

#simple program to read the lines of the file using the readlines() function
fp = open(“f.txt”, “r”);
#declaring a variable to store all the lines of the file using the readlines() function
C = fp.readlines()
#printing the lines stored in the variable c of the file
Pint(c)
#closing the file “f.txt.”
fp.close()

Output:

Java is an object-oriented programming language.

Creating a New File:

We can create a new file in Python using any one of the below access modes by using the function open().

x:

This access mode creates a new file with the specified name. If any file exists with the same name, then it will cause an error.

a:

This access mode creates a new file with the specified name if there is no other file that exists with the same name. This access mode appends the file’s content if any file already exists with the specified name.

w:

 This access mode creates a new file with the specified name if there is no other file that exists with the same name. This access mode overwrites the existing file if any file exists with the same name.

Example:

#simple program to create a new file
fp1 = open("f2.txt","x")   
print(fp1)    
if fp1:    
    print("The new File has been created successfully")  

Output:

<_io.TextIOWrapper name='file2.txt' mode='x' encoding='cp1252'>
The new file has been created successfully

Renaming the file:

The Python os module is used to interact with the operating system. The os module provides many functions involved in file processing operations like renaming, deleting, etc. The os module provides the rename() method to rename the specified file to a new name. The syntax to use the rename() method is provided below.

Syntax:

rename(present name of the file, new name  of the file)

Example:

#simple program to change the name of the existing file
import os    
#changing the name of the file using the rename() method    
os.rename("f1.txt","f2.txt") 

 Explanation:

The above program is used to change or rename the existing file name. The current file name is “f1.txt”, and the file name has been changed to “f2.txt”.

Removing the File:

The os module provides the remove() method, which is used to remove the specified file. The syntax to use the remove() method is given below.

Syntax:

Remove(file name which we have to remove)

Example:

#simple program to remove the file 
import os
os.remove(“f2.txt”)

Explanation:

The above program is used to remove the existing file. The current file, “f2.txt”, will be removed.

Sets:

A set is defined as an unordered collection of items.  Every element in the set must be unique and immutable. The sets do not contain duplicate elements. Sets are mutable, which means we can modify them after their creation.

In sets, no index is attached to the elements of the set, i.e., we cannot directly access any element of the set by the index. We can print Sets of data altogether or get the list of elements by looping through the set.

Creating a Set:

The set can be created by enclosing the elements with a comma with the curly brackets “{}”. The components of the set must be unique, i.e., there will be no duplicate elements present in the sets.

Example:

#simple program to create a set with some data
n = {“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set:”)
print(n)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}

 Example 1:

#simple program to create a set and to print using loops
n = {“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set using the for loop:”)
for i in n:
    print(i)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set using the for loop:
John
Jack
Smith
Simon
Boss

We can also use the set() method to create the set.

Example:

#simple program to create a set and to print using loops
n = set({“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”})
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set:”)
print(n)
print(“printing the elements of the set using the for loop:”)
for i in n:
    print(i)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
Printing the elements of the set using the for loop:
John
Jack
Smith
Simon
Boss

Adding Elements or Items to the Set:

If we want to add elements to the set, we can use the add() method and update() method in some cases or situations.

add():

This method is used to add elements or items to the set. We can add only one element at a time using the add() method.

Example:

#simple program to add items to the set using the add() method
n = set({“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”})
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set before adding the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“Adding the elements to the set using the add() method”)
n.add(“Vijay”)
n.add(“Pavan”)
print(“printing the elements of the set after adding the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“printing the elements of the set using the for loop:”)
for i in n:
    print(i)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set before adding the elements or items:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
Adding the elements to the set using the add() method
Printing the elements of the set after adding the elements or items:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”, “Vijay”, “Pavan”}
Printing the elements of the set using the for loop:
John
Jack
Smith
Simon
Boss
Vijay
Pavan

update():

This method is used to add elements or items to the set. We can add multiple elements simultaneously using the update() method.

Example:

#simple program to add items to the set using the update() method
n = set({“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”})
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set before adding the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“adding the elements to the set using the update() method”)
n.update([“Amit”, “Sonu”, “Anil”])
print(“printing the elements of the set after adding the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“printing the elements of the set using the for loop:”)
for i in n:
    print(i)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set before adding the elements or items:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
Adding the elements to the set using the update() method
Printing the elements of the set after adding the elements or items:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”, “Amit”, “Sonu”, “Anil”}
Printing the elements of the set using the for loop:
John
Jack
Smith
Simon
Boss
Amit
Sonu
Anil

Removing Items from the Set:

In sets, If we want to remove any element from the sets, we can use two methods. They are

discard() Method:

This method is used to remove elements or items from the sets. This method will not through any error if the element or items given in the method are not present in the set.

Example:

 #simple program to remove items from the set using the discard() method
n = set({“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”})
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set before removing the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“Removing the elements of the set”)
n.discard(“Boss”)
n.discard(“John”)
print(“printing the elements of the set after removing the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“printing the elements of the set using the for loop:”)
for i in n:
    print(i)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set before removing the elements or items:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
Removing the elements of the set
Printing the elements of the set after removing the elements or items:
{“Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”}
Printing the elements of the set using the for loop:
Jack
Smith
Simon

remove() Method:

This method is used to remove elements or items from the sets. This method will through the error if the element or items given in the method are not present in the set.

Example:

#simple program to remove items from the set using the remove() method
n = set({“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”})
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set before removing the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“removing the elements of the set using the remove() method”)
n.remove(“Boss”)
n.remove(“John”)
print(“printing the elements of the set after removing the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“printing the elements of the set using the for loop:”)
for i in n:
    print(i)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set before removing the elements or items:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
Removing the elements of the set using the remove() method
Printing the elements of the set after removing the elements or items:
{“Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”}
Printing the elements of the set using the for loop:
Jack
Smith
Simon

pop() Method:

This method is used to remove the items from the sets. Generally, the pop() method removes the last element, but the set is unordered, i.e., the elements don’t follow any particular order. In sets, we can’t determine the element popped.

Example:

#simple program to remove items from the set using the pop() method
n = set({“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”})
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set before removing the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“removing the elements of the set using the pop() method”)
n.pop()
n.pop()
print(“printing the elements of the set after removing the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“printing the elements of the set using the for loop:”)
for i in n:
    print(i)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set before removing the elements or items:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
Removing the elements of the set using the pop() method
Printing the elements of the set after removing the elements or items:
{“smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
Printing the elements of the set using the for loop:
Smith
Simon
Boss

Explanation:

In the above program, the pop() method removed the first two elements, i.e., “John” and “Jack”, instead of the last ones, i.e., “Simon” and “Boss”, because the sets are unordered.

clear() Method:

In sets, the clear() method removes all the elements or items from the sets.

Example:

#simple program to remove items from the set using the clear() method
n = set({“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”})
#we have created a set and stored the set data in the variable “n”.
print(type(n))     #printing the type of the variable “n”
print(“printing the elements of the set before removing the elements or items:”)
print(n)
print(“removing the elements of the set using the clear() method:”)
n.clear()
print(“printing the elements of the set after removing the elements or items:”)
print(n)

Output:

<class ‘set’>
Printing the elements of the set before removing the elements or items:
{“John”, “Jack”, “smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}
Removing the elements of the set using the clear() method
Printing the elements of the set after removing the elements or items:
{“smith”, “Simon”, “Boss”}

Set Operations:

We can perform mathematical operations on sets like Union, intersection, difference, and symmetric difference. In Python, we can use these as operators and also the methods.

Union of two Sets:

We can perform the union operation using the symbol pipe(|) operator and the union() method. The union of two sets contains all the available items of both sets.

Example:

#simple program to perform union operation using the pipe(|) operator
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”}           #creating a set s1 that contains three items
S2 = {“Kumar”, “Pavan”, “Jack”}     # creating a set s2 that contains three items
print(“Printing the items of the set after performing the union operation using the pipe(|) operator”)
print(s1|s2)

Output:

Printing the items of the set after performing the union operation using the pipe(|) operator
{‘Vijay’, ‘Sai’, ‘John’, ‘Kumar’, ‘Pavan’, ‘Jack’}

Example 1:

#simple program to perform union operation using the union() method
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”}          # creating a set s1 that contains three items
S2 = {“Kumar”, “Pavan”, “Jack”}      # creating a set s2 that contains three items
Print(“Printing the items of the set after performing the union operation using the union() method”)
Print(s1.union(s2))

Output:

Printing the items of the set after performing the union operation using the union() method
{‘Vijay’, ‘Sai’, ‘John’, ‘Kumar’, ‘Pavan’, ‘Jack’}

Intersecting of two Sets:

We can perform the intersection operation using the symbol and(&) operator and the intersection() method. The intersection of two sets can be given as a set that contains common items of both sets.

Example:

#simple program to perform intersection operation using the and(&) operator
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”, “Jack”}           #creating a set s1 that contains four items.
S2 = {“Sai”, “Kumar”, “Pavan”, “Jack”}     # creating a set s2 that contains four items.
Print(“Printing the items of the set after performing the intersection operation using the and(&) operator”)
Print(s1&s2)

Output:

Printing the items of the set after performing the intersection operation using the and(&) operator.
{‘Sai’, ‘Jack’}

Example 1:

#simple program to perform intersection operations using the intersection() method
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”, “Jack”}           #creating a set s1 that contains four items.
S2 = {“Sai”, “Kumar”, “Pavan”, “Jack”}     # creating a set s2 that contains four items.
Print(“Printing the items of the set after performing the intersection operation using the intersection() method”)
Print(s1.intersection(s2))

Output:

Printing the items of the set after performing the intersection operation using the intersection() method.
{‘Sai’, ‘Jack’}

Difference between the two Sets:

Python provides the subtraction(-) operator or the difference() method to perform the difference between the two sets. Consider there are two sets, s1 and s2, and the difference is given by s1-s2, which denotes the resulting set will be obtained from the element of s1, which is not present in set s2.

Example:

#simple program to perform difference between two sets using the subtraction(-) #operator
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”, “Jack”}           #creating a set s1 that contains four items.
S2 = {“Sai”, “Kumar”, “Pavan”, “Jack”}     # creating a set s2 that contains four items.
print(“Printing the items of the set after performing the difference between the two sets using the subtraction(-) operator”)
print(s1-s2)

Output:

Printing the items of the set after performing the difference between the two sets using the subtraction(-) operator
{‘Vijay’, ‘John’}

Example 1:

#simple program to perform difference between two sets using the difference() #method
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”, “Jack”}           #creating a set s1 that contains four items.
S2 = {“Sai”, “Kumar”, “Pavan”, “Jack”}     # creating a set s2 that contains four items.
print(“Printing the items of the set after performing the difference between the two sets using the difference() method”)
print(s1.difference(s2))

Output:

Printing the items of the set after performing the difference between the two sets using the difference() method
{‘Vijay’, ‘John’}

Symmetric Difference between two Sets:

We can perform or calculate the symmetric difference between two sets using the “^”’ operator or symmetric_difference() method. This operator will remove the common elements of both sets and print the remaining elements of both sets.

Example:

#simple program to perform difference between two sets using the ^ operator
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”, “Jack”}           #creating a set s1 that contains four items.
S2 = {“Sai”, “Kumar”, “Pavan”, “Jack”}     # creating a set s2 that contains four items.
S3=s1^s2
print(“Printing the items of the set after performing the symmetric difference between the two sets using the ^ operator”)
print(s3)
print(“Printing the output using the for loop”)
for i in s3
     print(i)

Output:

Printing the items of the set after performing the symmetric difference between the two sets using the ^ operator
{‘Vijay’, ‘John’, ‘Kumar’, ‘Pavan’}
Printing the output using the for loop
Vijay
John
Kumar
Pavan

Example 1:

#simple program to perform difference between two sets using the #symmetric_difference() method
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”, “Jack”}           #creating a set s1 that contains four items.
S2 = {“Sai”, “Kumar”, “Pavan”, “Jack”}     # creating a set s2 that contains four items.
S3=s1.symmetric_difference(s2)
print(“Printing the items of the set after performing the symmetric difference between the two sets using the ^ operator”)
print(s3)
print(“Printing the output using the for loop”)
for i in s3
     print(i)

Output:

Printing the items of the set after performing the symmetric difference between the two sets using the symmetric_difference() method
{‘Vijay’, ‘John’, ‘Kumar’, ‘Pavan’}
Printing the output using the for loop
Vijay
John
Kumar
Pavan

Set Comparisons:

Python permits us to utilise the correlation administrators, i.e., <, >, <=, >=, == with the sets by which we can check whether a set is a set, superset, or comparable to others. The boolean valid or misleading is returned relying on the things inside the sets.

Example:

#simple program to perform or compare multiple sets
S1 = {“Vijay”, “Sai”, “John”, “Jack”}           #creating a set s1 that contains four items.
S2 = {“Sai”, “John”, “Vijay”}     # creating a set s2 that contains three items.
S3= {“David”, “Srikanth”}       #creating a set s3 that contains two items
print(s1>s2)    
print(s1<s2)
print(s2==s3)

Output:

True
False
False

Explanation:

The first print statement will give the output as true because the set s1 is the superset of s2, i.e., the set s2 will contain all the elements of the set s1, but the s1 set will not have all the details of the set s2. And the second print statement will print false because the s1 set is not the subset of the set s2. Last print statement prints the output as false because the set s2 and the set s3 are not equivalent, i.e., they do not contain an equal no of items.

Frozen Sets:

The frozen sets are the permanent type of the typical sets, i.e., the things of the frozen set can't be changed, and hence it tends to be utilised as a vital in the word reference.

The components of the frozen set can't be changed after the creation. We can't change or add the substance of the frozen sets by utilising techniques like add() or eliminate(). The frozenset() technique or method is used to make the frozenset object. The iterable grouping is passed into this technique which is changed over into the frozen set as a return kind of strategy.

Example:

#simple program for frozen sets
Fz = frozenset([21, 22, 23, 24, 25])
print(type(Fz))
print(“Printing the items or data of frozen sets using the for loop:”)
for i in Fz:
    print(i)

Output:

<class ‘frozenset’>
Printing the items or data of frozen sets using the for loop:
21
22
23
24
25

Frozen Sets for the Dictionary:

Assuming that we pass the word reference as the grouping inside the frozenset() technique, it will take just the keys from the word reference and return a frozenset containing the key of the word reference as its components.

Example:

D = {"Name": "Vijay", "Age": "20", "Gender": “M”}     
print(type(D))    
Fs = frozenset(Dictionary)   #Fs will contain the keys of the dictionary    
print(type(Fs))    
for i in Fs:     
    print(i)    

Output:

<class ‘dict’>
<class ‘frozenset’>
Name
Age
Gender