Computer Fundamentals Tutorial

Computer Introduction Types of computer Characteristics of computer Uses of computer History of Computers

Computer Languages

Low Level language Middle level Language High level language

Computer Generation

Generation of Computers First Generation of Computer Second generation of Computers Third generation of Computers Fourth generation of Computers Fifth generation of Computers Sixth Generation of Computer

Peripheral Devices

Input devices Output device

Components

Block diagram and basic components Control processing unit (CPU) Software Hardware

Memory

Computer Memory Registers Memory Hierarchy RAM Vs ROM Understanding file sizes (Bytes, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB, EB, ZB, YB)

Computer Network

Types of Network Types of Area Networks (LAN, WAN, MAN) TCP Flags

Computer Virus

Computer Virus

Computer Ports

Computer Ports

How

How to hack a computer How much do Computer Programmers make How does a Computer work How to associate a file with a program How does a computer convert text into binary How does a computer process data into information How to fix a CD-ROM DVD How to fix the no input signal How to install computer memory How to associate a file with a program How to log out of your operating system How do I change my name on Google How to installation or uninstallation Microsoft Paint How to fix a not a valid Win32 application error How to fix missing Microsoft Windows .dll files How to use a computer keyboard How to erase my hard drive and start over How can I test how many words I can write a minute How to shut down a computer How do I open and edit the Windows registry How to edit the registry from the command line How to restart Microsoft Windows How to install a computer processor How to open Microsoft Paint How to fix problems in Windows after installing new software How to enable or disable the preview pane of Microsoft Outlook How to open a Microsoft .wps or Works file in Word How to view the HTML source code in Microsoft Word How to View or Change the Screen Resolution of a Monitor How to Connect and Install a Computer Keyboard How to Delete Temporary Files in Windows 10 How to determine Which Version of Microsoft Office I'm using How to find out how much hard drive space is available How to Fix PC Stuck on Verifying DMI Pool Data How to choose which items show in the notification area How to find similar images using Search by Image How to fix Low Memory and out of memory errors How To Replace the CMOS Battery How do I Update my Antivirus Program How to fix a general protection fault How to Identify problems in the Windows Device Manager How can the Base be Shown How to test if a Website or Web Page is down How Much is 1 Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, etc How to fix a CMOS checksum error How to Fix a Windows CD-ROM, DVD, or Disc Drive Issue How to Open Safe Mode How to Password Protect Files and Folders in Windows How to Reset CMOS or BIOS Settings How to use Computer Keyboard How to create a text file How to enable or disable DHCP in Windows How to test computer memory to determine if its bad How do double space or change line spacing in Microsoft Word How do I know if I have Windows Administrator Rights How many cores does my computer have How to Create a Directory or Folder How to Enter and Exit the BIOS or CMOS Setup How to change Windows Compatibility mode How to clear your internet browser history How to Connect Computer Speakers How to Copy a Web Page Link or URL How to install a Hard Drive or SSD How to Open the Windows Control Panel How to split a screen in Windows How to copy text from a scanned PDF How do Computers Connect Over the Internet How to copy and paste text to a document or another program How to find out how much RAM is installed on a computer How to uninstall a program using Command Prompt How many tabs are there in Microsoft Word How Much Memory or RAM Should My Computer Have How to Reset a BIOS Password How to Create a CSV File How to Delete a File, Directory, Or Folder How to Find Out My Monitor or Screen Size How to find the type of Computer Network Card and Network How to Fix Distorted Video after Increasing Resolution in Windows How to Install MS-DOS How to reference a cell from another cell in Microsoft Excel How to Set up or Install a Joystick or Gamepad How to Determine if You Have a 32-Bit or 64-Bit CPU How long should a laptop battery last How to Remove an App on a Smartphone or Tablet How to Rename or Label a Disk Drive How to Connect and Disconnect a Computer External Hard Drive How to Create a Link That Opens a New Web Page Window or Tab How to Find Out My Monitor or Screen Size

Questions

Who invented Computer What are the advantages of the Internet? What are the disadvantages of the Internet? Is my computer 64 bit? What is Edge Computing? What is a Router? What is Monitor What is Printer What is a Web Browser What is Microphone What is a Webcam What is PC What is Keyboard What is Motherboard What is WAP What is URL What is a Digital Assistant When was the first Computer Invented What is Modem What is Firmware What is Imperative Programming What is Protocol What is Safe Mode What is Device Driver What is Hybrid Topology What is Mesh Topology What is Procedural language What is a hyperlink What is a Username Who invented the Internet What is Video Card What is Sound Card What is Binary What does Alt+B do What does Alt+D do What does Alt+E do What does Alt+Esc do What does Alt+R do What does ALT + Q do What does Alt + Tab do What is Data Manipulation What is a touch screen What is Back Panel What is Analog Monitor What is AR lens What is an ATX Style Connector What is a File System What is Hard Disk Drive (HDD) What is a boot device What is accessibility What is Line In What is network Interface card (NIC) What is Optical Disk Where can I ask questions on the internet What is Auto Rotate What is CAD (Computer-aided design) What is Cable Modem What is Home Page What is boot menu What is braille reader What is flash memory What is Windows What is Clipboard What is Cyber Warfare What is Myspace Why has my IP address changed What is Jacquard Loom My computer is running slow, what steps can I do to fix it What is a Kensington Lock What is a multicore processor What is automation Are smartphones and tablets computers What is a Login Script What is a Loosely Typed Language What is Multitasking? Why my computer monitor shows no display or black screen What is REM What is Parallelization What is Overtype mode What is open with What is Bracket What is an Online Service What is REM What is Parallelization What is Overtype mode What is open with What is Bracket What is an Online Service What is the Pg Dn Key (Page Down Key) What is the Pg up Key (Page up Key) What is Palmtop Computer What is a Processing Device What is a Print Preview What is the Print Screen Key What can I do if my computer or laptop is lost or stolen What is a Model Number What are the currently available antivirus programs What are Toggle keys What is a Case fan What is a Silicon Chip What is a Slate PC What is a TAB stop What is an Octothorpe What is Task Pane What is Task View What is the svchost.exe file used for in Windows Where can I find free online virus scanners Why am I unable to increase the resolution in Windows What is Autofill When I click my mouse, it sometimes double-clicks What is Scratch What is UDIMM What is MsConfig What is an Expansion Card What is an Executable File What is an Elevated Command Prompt What is an AC Adapter What is AIMBOT What is a Software Suite What is a LED Monitor What does Alt + X do What does alt + space do What does Alt + O do Now that I’ve got a Computer, what can i do What is a Punch Card What is RDIMM What is Select All What is Serial number What is Thermos flask What programs can I use for speech recognition What are the Advantages of Computers What are the Disadvantages of Computers What does Alt + T do What Hardware Device Drivers should be Updated What is a Desktop What is a Ring Topology What is CMOS What is a Directory What is a Mechanical Mouse What is a Plotter What is a Variable What is an Icon What is Data What is HDMI What is Remote What is Right-Click What is SMPS Why does my Laptop not turn on What is a Copyright What is a Cordless Mouse What is a CSV file What is a Joystick What is a Start Button What is a Taskbar What is an Alignment What is an Output Device What is Cat 5 What is Google Chrome What is Post What are Recordable DVD Drives What Does Alt + F4 Do What Does Alt + L Do What is a bit (Binary Digit) What is a cable What is a Calculator What is a capacitor What is a Cold Boot What is a Dialog Box What is a Dual-boot What is a Slide What is A4 What is AM What is Barcode Reader What is EHCI What is a Header What is a Joystick What is a Secondary Storage Device What is Access Time What is Account Sharing What is an Asterisk What is Asynchronous DRAM What is Back Quote What is BIOS What is Borderless Printing What is Case Badge What is CD-ROM What is Chat Slang What is Composite What is RJ Cable What Are Bottom Row Keys What is SAN What is Tray What is VDU What Does Alt + M Do What Does Alt + P Do What is a Cell What is a Command Key What is a key Combination What is a Menu Bar What is a Startup What is a T What is Chat What are the F1 through F12 keys What does Alt + Enter do What Does Alt + Home DO What does Alt + R do What does Ctrl + B do What Does Ctrl + Enter Do What Does Ctrl + R Do What does Ctrl + G do What does Ctrl + 9 do What does Ctrl + End do What does Ctrl + O do What Does Ctrl + P do What Does Ctrl + Q do What is a Colon What is a Core What is Apple Touch Icon What is Clock What is Code What is Computer Crime What is Ctrl What is DAT What is Data diddling What is Date Why won't my computer turn on What Does Alt + N Do What does ctrl + 2 do What does ctrl + space do What does Ctrl + W do What does Ctrl + T Do What Does Ctrl + 2 do What does Ctrl + 5 Do What are the most common file types and file extensions What is PROM What is End Key What is Dial-up What is Decentralized System What is Ctrl + Click What is Blogger What is an Indent What is Aero Peek What is Accumulator What is a Workbook What is a Ribbon What is a footer What is a file What is a digital camera What is a Decision Box What is a Dead Halt What is a Custom-built PC What is a Current Directory What is a Curly Bracket What is a Copy Con What is a Command button What is a Column What is a Chart What is 104 Keyboard What does the Ctrl + Shift + End do What does Ctrl + X do What Does Ctrl+Shift+G Do What does Ctrl + Esc do What does Ctrl + E do What does Ctrl + D do What does Ctrl + 8 do What are Sticky keys What Does Ctrl + Shift + Esc Do What is Settings What is Task Manager What is Taskbar What is a DNS Resolver What does ctrl + 1 do What does ctrl + 0 do How to install software What is a Folder What is a Legend What is a MAC Address What is a Path What is a Ruler What is a Toolbar What is an Intranet Meaning and Differences with Internet What is an SSD What is Inheritance What is Tablet What is Depth What is Docking Station What is Double Click What is a client What is a Delimiter What is a Drive What is a Floppy Cable What is a Session What is a SuperComputer What is a Touchpad What is Abacus What is an Expansion Slot What is an Integrated Circuit What is Content Addressable Memory What is DOA What is Double Space What is Double-headed Arrow What is EAPROM What is End Task What is Forward What is Google Drive What is Language Processor What is Magnetic Tape Memory What is Memory Size What is OTP What is PS2 What is RAM What is Resolution What is Router What is the Windows desktop.ini file, and can I delete it What is X86 Where fingers should be placed on the Keyboard Why is My Laptop Mouse Touchpad not Working Do I need a mouse pad What are Computer Languages, types, and list What is a Device Name What is a Microcomputer What is an Internal and External command What is Dollar Sign ($) What is Digitizer What is F4 What is Infrared Networking and How Does It Work What is an Ogg file What is a WordPad What is Technology What is Hub What is IDE What is MICR What is Pop Up Menu What is a Page Fault What is a Parallel Port What is a Parent Directory What is a Parity Bit What is an Output Buffer What are the fundamental Concepts Of TOC What is Multimedia What is Optical Technology What is Drive Letter What is Flatbed Plotter Where Do I Find My WEP, WPA and WPA2 Key What is Editor What is SHA-256 What is Cathode Ray Tube Computer What is Dot Matrix Printer What is Ebcdic Code What is Daisy Wheel Printer What is a Raster File What is Pause Key What is The Ms Dos Path for Windows Desktops How Many Types of Computer Memory What Does Alt+F4 Do What is a Disc What is a Female Connector What is a Scripting Language What is an Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU and How Does it Work What is Parallelization What is Touchscreen in Computer How to Clear Your Computer Cache in Windows 10 How to Fix Blue Screen Error in Windows

Difference

Difference between hardware and software Difference between multiprocessor and distributed systems Difference between Desktop and Laptop Difference between File and folder Difference between Hard Copy and Soft Copy Open Source Programs vs Closed Source Programs Difference between Optical Fibre and Coaxial Cable Difference between Website and Webpage Difference between Classes and Objects Input VS Output Difference between Virus, worm and Trojan Horse Difference between Static Data Member and Static Member Function Difference Between Application Software and System Software Difference between Compiling vs Linking

Misc

Quantum Computing Computer Software Autoexec.bat and config.sys info Update an Antivirus Use of Internet Advantages and disadvantages of Email Computing Power Internet Explorer Shortcut Keys Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Augmented Reality Infrastructure Readiness Check Top 10 Internet tips and tricks Introduction and Features of FoxPro Features of Multimedia Top 10 online services and applications Receiving S.M.A.R.T. status bad backup and replacing error Version Control System Uninstalling Software or Apps in Windows Data Warehouse Increase or decrease font size in Word using keyboard shortcuts Mouse not detected or working in Windows Computer Cleaning Information and Steps Function Keys on Keyboard Windows 7 Alt+Tab won’t stay on top or stick 10 Essential Examples of Web Browsers Binary Subtraction using 2’s Complement Case Sensitive Languages Computer Pioneers and people who are CEO Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys Parts of Computers Names, Definitions and Images ROM and its Types Basics of Information Technology Characteristics of a Good Software Design Characteristics of Management Information System Classification of Management Information System Implementation of MIS Input Devices of Computer Definition Limitations of Management Information System Application Software Characteristics of Management Information System Input Devices of Computer Information Additive Manufacturing Process Chain Machine Language and Assembly Language Merits and Demerits of Computer Microprocessor 4th Generation Output Devices Definition Three Input Devices Operating System Printer and Types of Printer Properties of Computer Role of Management in Software Development RS Pin in LCD Advantages of Computer and Disadvantages of Computer Basic Computer Knowledge for Interview Basic Computer Question and Answers Compare Input and Output Units Computer Knowledge Questions Computer Memory Chart Computer Unit List Application of Geographic information System Application of internet in Business Basic Components of Computer FYA in Email Communication MS Dos External Commands Optical input Devices Software Products The Applications of Computers 10 Uses in Different Fields The Applications of Mobile Phones 10 Uses in Different Fields Types of Video Formats Video input Devices Application of Geographic Information System Application of Internet in Business Basic Components of Computer FYA in Email Communication Ms Dos External Commands Optical Input Devices Software Products The Applications of Computers 10 Uses in Different Fields The Applications of Mobile Phones 10 Uses in Different Fields Types of Video Formats Video Input Devices First Generation of Computers Vaccum Tubes Transistors in Second Generation of Computers Two Categories of Software All Cables Name Computer Byte Chart Memory Table in Computer Special Purpose Computers Types of Twisted Pair Cable Application of Computer in Commerce Types of Computer Speaker Static Memory in Computer Organization Character Printers Napier Bones Computer Advantages and Disadvantages of Mainframe Computers Types of Number System in Computer Advantages and Disadvantages of Minicomputers Cmos in Computers Compare Data and information Compare SSD and HDD Facts About Output Devices Features of Modern Computer Barcode Reader in Computer Basic Applications of Computer Binary to Decimal Fractions Computer Applications Cursor Movement Commands Language Translators in Computers Line Printers and Their Applications Scanner Input Device Specific Purpose Computers Two Types of Monitors Compare SSD and HDD Memory Measurement Unit Non Impact Printers and Their Types Zip Drive in Computer SDMA in Mobile Computing ROM Primary Memory Projector Input or Output Meaning of Versatility in Computer Hard Copy Output Devices Features of Microcomputer Computer Projector Computer Application in Various Areas of Business Cathode Ray Tube Monitor Binary Addition and Subtraction Rules Advantages of Fragmentation Digital Visual Interface EBCDIC Code Example Features of Input Devices Advantages and Disadvantages of Cookies Advantages of Strategic Information System Audio Compression in Multimedia Classification of Binary Codes Classification of DSS Components of Computer System Drawbacks of Computer DVI Video Port EGA Stands For in Computer Floppy Disk Functional Units of Computer Hardware and Software Charts Introduction to Machine Learning and its Types Laptop Touchpad Cursor Jumps Around While Not Touching It Scanner Input Device Simons Model of Decision Making Special Purpose Keys in Keyboard Transistor Based Computer Use of Cache Memory Versatility of Computer

How to restart Microsoft Windows

Restarting resolves many errors and helps in running the windows smoothly, and if any new updates or new software is installed, restarting clears the memory and stops the tasks that are consuming more RAM. Windows blue screen and window halts can be solved by Restart in most cases.

Other important reasons for restarting the windows are to fix the slowness of the device, resolve RAM problems, solve memory and application errors, work out the internet connection and solve any other performance issues.

Restarting the computer is also called a "soft reboot". There are multiple methods to restart the computer. Let's discuss each method elaborately.

  • Sometimes blue screen or some other error will be raised, and the user is unable to perform the required operation, then use Ctrl + Alt + Del to reboot the computer.
  • Even when the computer is frozen or a white screen is displayed, then also try to restart the computer by first pressing and holding the power button and followed by restarting.

Methods to restart the computer are:

  1. Using windows desktop to restart
  2. By the start menu
  3. Using the shortcut of Ctrl + Alt + Del
  4. By using the command line
  5. Rebooting from an error message
  6. Physically restarting the computer
  7. By Windows + X

1. Using windows desktop to restart

In this method of restarting the computer, get to the desktop, then on the keyboard, press Alt + F4. Then a menu will appear as below. In that, select the Restart option and select ok.

Alt + F4 > Restart > Ok.
How to restart Microsoft Windows

2. Restarting by the start menu

Windows 11

The start menu of windows 11 is different from other versions, in this to restart. The steps are:

  • Select start from the taskbar.
  • Click the power option.
  • Then click Restart.
Start > power button > Restart.
How to restart Microsoft Windows

Windows 10

  • Select start from the taskbar.
  • Select the power button.
  • From the power menu, click Restart.
Start > power button > Restart.
How to restart Microsoft Windows

Windows 8 and 8.1

Both versions do not have a start menu, but in the 8.1 updates, the power button is placed in the upper right corner of the start screen.

Power button > Restart.
How to restart Microsoft Windows

Windows Vista and 7

In both these versions, follow the below steps to restart

  • Select start from the taskbar.
  • Select the right arrow beside the shutdown button.
  • Then select Restart from the menu.
Start > arrow beside shutdown > restart.
How to restart Microsoft Windows

Windows XP and prior versions

  • Select start from the screen.
  • Select the shutdown button.
  • Click Restart from the menu.
  • Then click ok.
Start > shut down button > restart > ok.

3. Using shortcut Ctrl + Alt + Del

When the mouse is unavailable or not responding, Restart can be done by using the keyboard. For this, press the Ctrl + Alt + Del keys at a time, then a menu is displayed that selects Restart.

Windows 10 and 11

In these windows versions pressing the above keys redirects the user to the lock screen and restart windows.

  • Select the power icon from the lock screen
  • Then click on Restart from the menu.

Windows 8

By clicking Ctrl + Alt + Del windows 8 will redirect to the lock screen, then restart the windows.

  • Select the power icon in black from the lock screen
  • Then click on Restart from the menu.

Windows Vista and 7

In these windows versions, also pressing Ctrl + Alt + Del will again redirect to the lock screen with several options. At the bottom right corner, select the arrow next to the red button. This displays a list of options, then restart

  • Select the arrow; this opens the menu
  • Click Restart
How to restart Microsoft Windows

Windows XP and prior

Clicking Ctrl + Alt + Del in Windows XP and previous versions gives the Windows Security screen, then to restart

  • Select the shutdown button.
  • In the new pop-up, select Restart by clicking on the down arrow
  • Click ok
How to restart Microsoft Windows

4. By using the command line

With the help of the command prompt also, restarting the windows is possible for that.

  • Open the command prompt in windows by pressing windows+R and then type "cmd".
  • For windows restart, write shutdown -r and then enter the key on the keyboard.
    Windows + R > type cmd > type shutdown -r > enter.

Syntax:

C:\Users\apple> shutdown -r

5. Rebooting from an error message

Whenever an error is encountered in the computer, the user can restart the computer by pressing the keys Ctrl + Alt + Del simultaneously. If this rebooting does not work, do the following Restart.

6. Physically restarting the computer

Physical rebooting of the computer is very easy. All the users should do is to once press the power button, which shuts down the system, and then once again press the power button and restart the system back.

But when the computer is frozen, long hold the power button for at least five seconds until the computer is turned off, which should be done only as the last option. This process of restarting is called a "hard reset".

7. By Windows + X keys

The last method of restarting the windows is by using the shortcut from the Link menu.

On the keyboard, press the Windows + X keys simultaneously; this opens the Link menu. In the Link menu, by using the cursor or down-word arrow key, traverse to the shutdown or sign out and click on Restart.

Windows + X > Shut down or sign out > Restart.

How to restart Microsoft Windows